tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-209533162024-03-13T00:29:36.546+00:00Watching the LawOccasional posts on topics with an international elementObiterJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04544226917595022902noreply@blogger.comBlogger41125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20953316.post-19931478893552360462024-01-11T10:37:00.007+00:002024-01-29T08:00:57.440+00:00International Court of Justice ~ South Africa and others v Israel<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi39khvCYPx36LQyNVXN0cvHcNJEmf1BtgiiXcg3CptLGTXLf-whRfEM6KnqNC_R17M8icVC3S7Sqa6fLerFYTMUfqeCqY_VIqAVHvhz4bOyW4QJyLLtxu6Cpw0n1oC5nKGeIcD_6lAzSAalZsc0KMU81poKOBg3jF9r4OK5tXcANOA9YFTSpxBRQ/s361/ICJ%20Great%20Hall.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="217" data-original-width="361" height="120" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi39khvCYPx36LQyNVXN0cvHcNJEmf1BtgiiXcg3CptLGTXLf-whRfEM6KnqNC_R17M8icVC3S7Sqa6fLerFYTMUfqeCqY_VIqAVHvhz4bOyW4QJyLLtxu6Cpw0n1oC5nKGeIcD_6lAzSAalZsc0KMU81poKOBg3jF9r4OK5tXcANOA9YFTSpxBRQ/w200-h120/ICJ%20Great%20Hall.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><div><b><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">Updated 29 January 2024</span></b></div><div><br /></div>On 29 December 2023, South Africa filed an application instituting proceedings against Israel before the International Court of Justice (ICJ), concerning alleged violations by Israel of its obligations under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (the “Genocide Convention”) in relation to Palestinians in the Gaza Strip.<p></p><p>According to the Application, “acts and omissions by Israel . . . are genocidal in character, as they are committed with the requisite specific intent . . . to destroy Palestinians in Gaza as a part of the broader Palestinian national, racial and ethnical group” and that “the conduct of Israel — through its State organs, State agents, and other persons and entities acting on its instructions or under its direction, control or influence — in relation to Palestinians in Gaza, is in violation of its obligations under the Genocide Convention”.</p><p>The Applicant further states <span></span></p><a name='more'></a>that “Israel, since 7 October 2023 in particular, has failed to prevent genocide and has failed to prosecute the direct and public incitement to genocide” and that “Israel has engaged in, is engaging in and risks further engaging in genocidal acts against the Palestinian people in Gaza”.<p></p><p>South Africa seeks to found the Court’s jurisdiction on Article 36, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court and on Article IX of the Genocide Convention, to which both South Africa and Israel are parties.</p><p>The Application also contains a Request for the indication of provisional measures, pursuant to Article 41 of the Statute of the Court and Articles 73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of Court.</p><p><a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20231229-pre-01-00-en.pdf">The Republic of South Africa institutes proceedings against the State of Israel and requests the Court to indicate provisional measures (icj-cij.org)</a></p><p>The Application instituting proceedings, which includes the Request for the indication of
provisional measures, is available on the Court’s website - <a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20231228-app-01-00-en.pdf">Application instituting proceedings and Request for the indication of provisional measures (icj-cij.org)</a></p><p>---</p><p><b><i><span style="color: red;">Commentary:</span></i></b></p><p>Joshua Rozenberg 11 January 2024 -<b style="font-style: italic;"> </b><a href="https://rozenberg.substack.com/p/south-africa-accuses-israel-of-genocide">South Africa accuses Israel of genocide (substack.com)</a></p><p><b><i><span style="color: red;">Media:</span></i></b></p><p>11 January 2024 - <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/11/hearings-to-begin-at-the-hague-in-case-claiming-israels-gaza-war-is-genocide">Hearings to begin at The Hague in case claiming Israel’s Gaza war is genocide | Israel-Gaza war | The Guardian</a></p><p>11 January 2024 - <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/11/icj-case-against-israel-could-finally-empower-the-genocide-convention">ICJ case against Israel could finally empower the genocide convention | Israel-Gaza war | The Guardian</a></p><p>11 January 2024 - <a href="https://news.sky.com/story/israel-gaza-latest-hamas-war-updates-sky-news-blog-12978800">Israel-Hamas war live: 'Moment of grave peril' for Israel as South Africa takes it to International Criminal Court | World News | Sky News</a></p><p><br /></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">*** UPDATE 29 January 2024 ***</span></b></p><p><br /></p><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-color: #f5fcff; color: #3e5b67; font-family: "SF Pro Display", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Inter, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0 0 var(--size-20) 0;"><span style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0;"><span style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0;">On Friday 26 January 2024, </span></span><span style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0;">the </span><strong style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0;"><a href="https://icj-cij.org/home" rel="nofollow ugc noopener" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; text-decoration-line: none;">International Court of Justice</a></strong><span style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0;"> ordered </span><strong style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0;">provisional measures</strong><span style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0;"> in the case concerning the Application of the </span><strong style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0;"><a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-prevention-and-punishment-crime-genocide" rel="nofollow ugc noopener" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; text-decoration-line: none;">Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide</a></strong><span style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0;"> in the Gaza Strip (South Africa v. Israel).</span></p><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-color: #f5fcff; color: #3e5b67; font-family: "SF Pro Display", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Inter, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0 0 var(--size-20) 0;"><span style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0;"><br /></span></p><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-color: #f5fcff; color: #3e5b67; font-family: "SF Pro Display", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Inter, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0 0 var(--size-20) 0;"><span style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0;">Here is the </span><span style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0;">Court’s </span><a href="https://icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240126-ord-01-00-en.pdf" rel="nofollow ugc noopener" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; text-decoration-line: none;">Order of 26 January 2024 </a><span style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0;">(icj-cij.org) - 29 pages pdf - and see the </span><span style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0;">Press release - </span><a href="https://icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240126-pre-01-00-en.pdf" rel="nofollow ugc noopener" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; text-decoration-line: none;">The Court indicates provisional measures</a><span style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0;"> (icj-cij.org).</span></p><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-color: #f5fcff; color: #3e5b67; font-family: "SF Pro Display", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Inter, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0 0 var(--size-20) 0;"><span style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0;"><br /></span></p><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-color: #f5fcff; color: #3e5b67; font-family: "SF Pro Display", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Inter, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0 0 var(--size-20) 0;"><span style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0;">The provisional measures were ordered by a substantial majority (either 15 to 2 or 16 to 1). </span><a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/sebutinde_en.pdf" rel="nofollow ugc noopener" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; text-decoration-line: none;">Judge Sebutinde</a><span style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0;"> (Uganda) dissented on all the measures. Her dissenting opinion and also the views of Judges Xue, Bhandari, Nolte, and of Judge ad hoc Barak may be seen at </span><a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/case/192" rel="nofollow ugc noopener" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; text-decoration-line: none;">Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in the Gaza Strip</a><span style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0;"> (Sou (icj-cij.org).</span></p><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-color: #f5fcff; color: #3e5b67; font-family: "SF Pro Display", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Inter, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0 0 var(--size-20) 0;"><br /></p><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-color: #f5fcff; color: #3e5b67; font-family: "SF Pro Display", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Inter, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0 0 var(--size-20) 0;">Israel must report to the Court within one month on action taken to address the provisional measures.</p><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-color: #f5fcff; color: #3e5b67; font-family: "SF Pro Display", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Inter, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0 0 var(--size-20) 0;"><br /></p><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; background-color: #f5fcff; color: #3e5b67; font-family: "SF Pro Display", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Inter, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 19px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0 0 var(--size-20) 0;"><a href="https://opiniojuris.org/2024/01/27/the-icjs-provisional-measures-order-in-the-south-africa-v-israel-case-unsurprising-politically-and-legally-significant/" rel="nofollow ugc noopener" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; text-decoration-line: none;">The ICJ’s Provisional Measures Order in the South Africa v. Israel Case: Unsurprising; Politically and Legally Significan</a><span style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgb(59 130 246 / 0.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000; --tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0;">t - Opinio Juris 27 January 2024</span></p><p><br /></p><div><br /></div>ObiterJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04544226917595022902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20953316.post-78058193463059961482023-09-18T16:56:00.002+01:002023-09-20T07:36:25.169+01:00International Court of Justice - Ukraine and Russia<p><a href="https://icj-cij.org/home"></a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfJuuRxDfkfHU81V6BBL1TDwQhX1Xn6dIQabO7rn54-e7x9BYLhp_DbTD_eh0Jk9eoF4-5tYSBHiits5_EWQxZDUbPSJ2IIHn-VqPd3OL830KZ5rKhA1KcmRVmW62KgP3aNwpQpHpG0UFMtqB71QwI8NLfMIjtJGbmaPnxl_QH0DS_KZdsKUzc6A/s361/ICJ%20Great%20Hall.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="217" data-original-width="361" height="120" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfJuuRxDfkfHU81V6BBL1TDwQhX1Xn6dIQabO7rn54-e7x9BYLhp_DbTD_eh0Jk9eoF4-5tYSBHiits5_EWQxZDUbPSJ2IIHn-VqPd3OL830KZ5rKhA1KcmRVmW62KgP3aNwpQpHpG0UFMtqB71QwI8NLfMIjtJGbmaPnxl_QH0DS_KZdsKUzc6A/w200-h120/ICJ%20Great%20Hall.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><br />The <a href="https://icj-cij.org/home">International Court of Justice</a> (ICJ) is the judicial branch of the United Nations.<p></p><p>The court is hearing preliminary objections raised by the Russian Federation in a case between Ukraine and the Russian Federation. The case concerns allegations of genocide made by Ukraine. Russia has raised the question as to whether the court has jurisdiction to hear the case.</p><p><a href="https://icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/182/182-20230822-pre-01-00-en.pdf">The Court to hold public hearings on the preliminary objections raised by the Russian Federation from Monday 18 to Wednesday 27 September 2023 (icj-cij.org)</a></p><p><a href="https://icj-cij.org/multimedia/202988">Allegations of Genocide under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Ukrain (icj-cij.org)</a></p>ObiterJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04544226917595022902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20953316.post-37373823057976587092023-04-10T10:35:00.004+01:002023-04-15T13:56:43.078+01:00Benjamin Ferencz (1920 - 2023) - the last survivor of the Nuremberg prosecutors<p><b><i></i></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsfvb4RVofIVji0OI-0MuRS6VchfhVhM5KZ5GcO8GeGu4bHZ6zgLhaOJxzHn6GNRyw_uPPqnQzh9atySiPoEH4LRmsAL-lo_JpMPm4ZnoQAdfYgiIPEujBHzui0Uq6rowFZXKvLIUuscQNVOjfZNF7tFEqlXEdmXLEPyEirFlwF_OBkM2ObY8/s620/Ben%20Ferencz%20in%202014.webp" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="372" data-original-width="620" height="120" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsfvb4RVofIVji0OI-0MuRS6VchfhVhM5KZ5GcO8GeGu4bHZ6zgLhaOJxzHn6GNRyw_uPPqnQzh9atySiPoEH4LRmsAL-lo_JpMPm4ZnoQAdfYgiIPEujBHzui0Uq6rowFZXKvLIUuscQNVOjfZNF7tFEqlXEdmXLEPyEirFlwF_OBkM2ObY8/w200-h120/Ben%20Ferencz%20in%202014.webp" width="200" /></a></i></b></div><b><i><br /><span style="color: #351c75;">"The defendants in the dock were the cruel executioners, whose terror wrote the blackest page in human history. Death was their tool and life their toy. If these men be immune, then law has lost its meaning and man must live in fear."</span></i></b><p></p><p><br /></p><p><b>Benjamin Berell Ferencz </b>(11 March 1920 - 7 April 2023) had a truly remarkable life. He was the last surviving prosecutor of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_trials">Nuremberg War Crimes Trials</a>. </p><p>His childhood days were as a poor immigrant in America during the Great Depression. He won a scholarship to Harvard, landed on the Normandy beaches on D Day, and was present at the liberation of some of the concentration camps including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp">Buchenwald</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp">Mauthausen</a>. </p><p>From 29 September 1947 to 9 April 1948, at the age of 27, he prosecuted members of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a> charged with the murder and ill-treatment of Prisoners of War and Civilians in occupied countries. Originally there were 24 defendants but Emil Hausmann committed suicide and Otto Rasch was deemed too ill to stand trial. The remaining 22 defendants were all convicted on one or more charge.</p><p>The Einsatzgruppen <span></span></p><a name='more'></a>were mobile killing squads charged with the extermination of those chillingly referred to as "undesirables". From 1941, the Einsatzgruppen murdered more than one million people. The units usually operated behind the army, moving from place to place killing and disposing of bodies.<p></p><p>14 defendants were sentenced to death but 10 had their sentences commuted to imprisonment. The remaining 4 were <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Ohlendorf">Otto Ohlendorf</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Naumann">Erich Naumann</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Blobel">Paul Blobel</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Braune">Werner Braune</a> and they were hanged at Landesburg prison on 7 June 1951. (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Pohl">Oswald Pohl</a>, convicted at a different trial, was also hanged on the same day). </p><p>In later life, Ferencz was a lawyer for Holocaust survivors, a law teacher, a writer, a lecturer around the world, a lobbyist for and builder of international legal institutions, a force for world progress toward peace through law, and a moral exemplar to millions.</p><p>In particular, Ferencz fought for the establishment of the <a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/">international criminal court</a> and was the author of several books - <a href="https://benferencz.org/books/">Books | Benjamin B. Ferencz</a> - including:</p><p><a href="https://benferencz.org/books/an-international-criminal-court/">An International Criminal Court: A Step Toward World Peace — A Documentary History and Analysis | Benjamin B. Ferencz</a></p><p>and</p><p><a href="https://benferencz.org/books/parting-words-10-little-lessons-for-a-remarkable-life/">Parting Words: 10 Lessons for a Remarkable Life | Benjamin B. Ferencz (benferencz.org)</a>.</p><p><b><i><span style="color: red;">Reading:</span></i></b></p><p><b><i><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Obituaries</span></i></b></p><p><a href="https://thejacksonlist.com/2023/04/08/benjamin-b-ferencz-1920-%e1%80%91/">Benjamin B. Ferencz (1920 – 2023) – The Jackson List</a></p><p><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/law/2023/apr/09/from-nuremberg-to-the-icc-ben-ferencz-never-gave-up-fighting-for-international-justice">From Nuremberg to the ICC, Ben Ferencz never gave up fighting for international justice | International criminal justice | The Guardian</a></p><p><a href="https://www.npr.org/2023/04/09/1168832384/ben-ferencz-last-living-nuremberg-prosecutor-nazis-dies">Ben Ferencz, the last living Nuremberg prosecutor of Nazis, has died at 103</a></p><p><a href="https://www.dw.com/en/ben-ferencz-d-day-vet-nuremberg-prosecutor-icc-visionary/a-65265575">Ben Ferencz: D-Day vet, Nuremberg prosecutor, ICC visionary</a></p><p><a href="https://www.thejournal.ie/ben-ferencz-last-living-prosecutor-nuremberg-dies-6040248-Apr2023/">Ben Ferencz, the last living Nuremberg trials prosecutor, dies aged 103 (thejournal.ie)</a></p><p><b><i><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The trial</span></i></b></p><p><a href="https://famous-trials.com/nuremberg/1904-einsatzgruppen">The Nuremberg Trials:The Einsatzgruppen Case (famous-trials.com)</a> </p><p><a href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/subsequent-nuremberg-proceedings-case-9-the-einsatzgruppen-case">Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings, Case #9, The Einsatzgruppen Case | Holocaust Encyclopedia (ushmm.org)</a></p><p><i><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">The Einsatzgruppen</span></b></i></p><p><a href="https://alphahistory.com/holocaust/einsatzgruppen/">The Einsatzgruppen (alphahistory.com)</a><a href="https://famous-trials.com/nuremberg/1904-einsatzgruppen">T</a></p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen - Wikipedia</a></p><p><br /></p>ObiterJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04544226917595022902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20953316.post-24761673063993141892023-03-18T07:43:00.000+00:002023-03-18T07:43:20.436+00:00International Criminal Court - Arrest warrant issued for Vladimir Putin<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUENLCgWegI2yL5YbN9dvQrnKpScSA5DPh1gu49rqIJDUS5giNpDwtWr8VDpjenW8Uv08lvsVy8kSCiErJn_1_7lS1cnsMJJ0lhL2YhvDERbAFZQBFn_UsBQ0ODeYTMMpupp4ouNVtnXjeTjHHbTrexzf4YZuitzOE9qAKlYdFDmn0IGdB5CI/s1200/ICC%20Image%202.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="751" data-original-width="1200" height="125" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUENLCgWegI2yL5YbN9dvQrnKpScSA5DPh1gu49rqIJDUS5giNpDwtWr8VDpjenW8Uv08lvsVy8kSCiErJn_1_7lS1cnsMJJ0lhL2YhvDERbAFZQBFn_UsBQ0ODeYTMMpupp4ouNVtnXjeTjHHbTrexzf4YZuitzOE9qAKlYdFDmn0IGdB5CI/w200-h125/ICC%20Image%202.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;">Pre-Trial Chamber II of the <a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/">International Criminal Court</a> has issued arrest warrants for the Russia President - Vladimir Putin and Maria Lvova-Belova (<span style="background-color: white; color: #212529; font-size: 16px;">Commissioner for Children’s Rights in the Office of the President of the Russian Federation).</span></span><p></p><p><a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/situation-ukraine-icc-judges-issue-arrest-warrants-against-vladimir-vladimirovich-putin-and"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Situation in Ukraine: ICC judges issue arrest warrants against Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin and Maria Alekseyevna Lvova-Belova | International Criminal Court (icc-cpi.int)</span></a></p><p><a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-prosecutor-karim-khan-kc-issuance-arrest-warrants-against-president-vladimir-putin"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Statement by Prosecutor Karim A. A. Khan KC on the issuance of arrest warrants against President Vladimir Putin and Ms Maria Lvova-Belova | International Criminal Court (icc-cpi.int)</span></a></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #212529; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px;">It is alleged that they are responsible for the war crime of unlawful deportation of population (children) and that of unlawful transfer of population (children) from occupied areas of Ukraine to the Russian Federation.</span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #212529; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/Publications/Rome-Statute.pdf">Rome Statute</a> - </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #212529; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 16px;">articles 8(2)(a)(vii) and 8(2)(b)(viii).</span></p>ObiterJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04544226917595022902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20953316.post-14969566518945140272022-04-11T19:06:00.008+01:002022-08-10T08:10:34.672+01:00Genocide - (3) - Further points<p><b><span style="color: red;"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: red;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDtLCUapuKuk2dEuiPkYv71MPVnJg2u7SfX5EwBYKq3F7dk66uuWIfLlpXGj1I3zE87PPpqS7tnTBmRMBYdbworJvp03tGeeEL8bdlkqMEgGT7AG2a-QMQXxJ3jyeGXMG7hEwpcSVFPaah59dAk3CdNNt43EB1S1WA41rBGmujsbigKp-grxU/s2048/Genocide%202.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1274" data-original-width="2048" height="124" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDtLCUapuKuk2dEuiPkYv71MPVnJg2u7SfX5EwBYKq3F7dk66uuWIfLlpXGj1I3zE87PPpqS7tnTBmRMBYdbworJvp03tGeeEL8bdlkqMEgGT7AG2a-QMQXxJ3jyeGXMG7hEwpcSVFPaah59dAk3CdNNt43EB1S1WA41rBGmujsbigKp-grxU/w200-h124/Genocide%202.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></b></div><b><span style="color: red;">Previous posts -</span></b><p></p><p><a href="https://watchingthelaw.blogspot.com/2022/04/genocide-1-basic-details.html">Watching the Law: Genocide - (1) - Basic details</a></p><p><a href="https://watchingthelaw.blogspot.com/2022/04/genocide-2-elements-of-offence.html">Watching the Law: Genocide - (2) - The elements of the offence</a></p><p><b><span style="color: red;">Aim of this post -</span></b></p><p>This post considers three further questions concerning genocide - (i) identifying the protected group or groups, (ii) whether acts of genocide always require an underlying genocidal policy by a state or organized authority, (iii) how to discern genocidal intent.</p><p><b><span style="color: red;">Identifying the protected group -</span></b></p><p>The 1948 convention applies to protected groups - <span></span></p><a name='more'></a>which are stated to be national, ethnical, racial, and religious. The Convention does not define the groups further.<p></p><p>Case law of the International Criminal Tribunals for both Former Yogoslavia and Rwanda have contributed considerably to clarification of the term "group."</p><p>According to the judgment in AKAYESU, the word "group" refers to stable groups constituted in a permanent fashion, and membership of which is determined by birth, with the exclusion of the more 'mobile' groups which one joins through individual voluntary commitment, such as political and economic groups. Therefore, a common criterion in the four types of groups protected by the Genocide Convention is that membership in such groups would seem to be normally not challengeable by its members, who belong to it automatically, by birth, in a continuous and often irremediable manner.</p><p>AKAYESU - <span style="background-color: white; color: #55555b;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (Appeals Chamber), Tanzania - </span></span> <a href="https://www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org/Case/50/Akayesu/">Akayesu - Asser Institute (internationalcrimesdatabase.org)</a></p><p>National groups - a collection of people who are perceived to share a legal bond of common citizenship, coupled with reciprocity of rights and duties </p><p>Ethnic group - a group where members share a common language or culture</p><p>Racial group - a group based on the hereditary physical traits often identified with a geographical region, irrespective of linguistic, cultural, national or religious factors</p><p>Religious group - a group whose members share the same religion, denomination or mode of worship.</p><p>Essentially, membership of a protected group, is a question of fact. A court will have to establish that the individuals in question were in fact treated as belonging to one or more of the protected groups AND also whether those individuals considered themselves as belonging to one or more of the protected groups.</p><p>See also the judgments in - </p><p>KAYISHEMA and RUZINDANA - <span style="background-color: white; color: #55555b;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #55555b; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 13px;"> - </span><a href="https://internationalcrimesdatabase.org/Case/149/Kayishema-and-Ruzindana/#:~:text=Kayishema%20and%20Ruzindana%20were%20initially%20charged%20in%20the,indictment%20be%20amended%20to%20remove%20the%20conspiracy%20charges.">Kayishema & Ruzindana - Asser Institute (internationalcrimesdatabase.org)</a></p><p>and in</p><p>RUTAGANDA - <span style="background-color: white; color: #55555b;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #55555b; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 13px;"> -</span> <a href="https://internationalcrimesdatabase.org/Case/841/Rutaganda/">Rutaganda - Asser Institute (internationalcrimesdatabase.org)</a></p><p>Further light is thrown on this aspect of genocide by the Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur - <a href="https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/com_inq_darfur.pdf">FINAL REPORT.doc (un.org)</a></p><p><b><span style="color: red;">Does genocide always require an underlying genocidal policy by a state or organized authority -</span></b></p><p>On 20 January 1942, a discussion held at Wannsee (Berlin) and attended by senior Nazi officials formed a policy to exterminate the European Jews. Minutes of the meeting were drafted by <a href="https://watchingthelaw.blogspot.com/search?q=Adolf+Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a>.</p><p><a href="https://www.theholocaustexplained.org/how-and-why/how/the-wannsee-conference/">The Wannsee Conference, 1942 – The Holocaust Explained: Designed for schools</a></p><p>On 4 October 1943, <a href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/heinrich-himmler">Henrich Himmler</a> addtressed SS officers to the same effect.</p><p>Under the 1948 Genocide Convention, this would be clear evidence of a policy of genocide mounted by the then German State against the Jewish (and other) peoples. However, it is important to ask whether such a policy is required to constitute the modern offence.</p><p>The modern view is that existence of such a policy is NOT a legal requirement but it is, of course, evidential.</p><p>This view is based on statements in -</p><p><a href="https://internationalcrimesdatabase.org/Case/149/Kayishema-and-Ruzindana/#:~:text=Kayishema%20and%20Ruzindana%20were%20initially%20charged%20in%20the,indictment%20be%20amended%20to%20remove%20the%20conspiracy%20charges.">Kayishema & Ruzindana - Asser Institute (internationalcrimesdatabase.org)</a></p><p>and, in </p><p><a href="https://www.icty.org/en/case/jelisic">Jelisić (IT-95-10) | International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (icty.org)</a></p><p><b><span style="color: red;">Identifying genocidal intent -</span></b></p><p>The existence at the relevant time of a genocidal intent has to be deduced from all the factual circumstances. Again, a policy by the State would assist in determining this question but, in relation to particular defendants, may not be enough.</p><p>In AKAYESU and also in KAYISHEMA / RUZINDANDA, there was evidence of matters such as speeches made by the accused as well a high number of deliberate and systematic atrocities.</p><p><b><span style="color: red;">Selected additional reading -</span></b></p><p>International Crimes Database December 2015 Carola Lingaas - DEFINING THE PROTECTED GROUPS OF GENOCIDE THROUGH THE CASE LAW OF INTERNATIONAL COURTS - <a href="https://www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org/upload/documents/20151217T122733-Lingaas%20Final%20ICD%20Format.pdf">ICD Format.pdf (internationalcrimesdatabase.org)</a></p><p>On What Conditions Can a
State Be Held Responsible for
Genocide?
Paola Gaeta - <a href="http://www.ejil.org/pdfs/18/4/236.pdf">chm037.indd (ejil.org)</a></p><p>Proving genocidal intent - Ryan Y. Park 2010 - <a href="http://d.dccam.org/Tribunal/Analysis/pdf/Proving_Genocidal_Intent-Ryan_Park.pdf">Genocide Paper Final.doc (dccam.org)</a></p><p><a href="https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/indepth/how-genocide-is-defined-and-why-it-s-so-difficult-to-prove/ar-AAWpYLv?ocid=msedgdhp&pc=U531&cvid=6272d05ff1104c7eb57c5554349301cf">How genocide is defined—and why it’s so difficult to prove (msn.com)</a></p><p>For an interesting article see - <a href="https://museumofcommunistterror.com/the-killing-fields/">The Killing Fields – Museum of Communist Terror</a></p><p><b><span style="color: red;">11 April 2022</span></b></p>ObiterJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04544226917595022902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20953316.post-62514030614442640782022-04-10T17:53:00.006+01:002022-04-11T19:06:40.140+01:00Genocide - (2) - The elements of the offence<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmPtERcGEzNpzhsVwS1YzJ9ahsFcyn6i8zDTYlwpe70vro69P1wUgiPdVtRub9tO0ZhVbbCIHBVw7AkneGxmm4wsKQ22C2tp70iAssXupeExm9IHGAxj6AHqvLrEDlSgPgWMnSbtOrAqQkdj-JRbzSuydUtQ3ql00dBA3ZuoN9X5KqCcXoPgY/s640/Rwandan_Genocide.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmPtERcGEzNpzhsVwS1YzJ9ahsFcyn6i8zDTYlwpe70vro69P1wUgiPdVtRub9tO0ZhVbbCIHBVw7AkneGxmm4wsKQ22C2tp70iAssXupeExm9IHGAxj6AHqvLrEDlSgPgWMnSbtOrAqQkdj-JRbzSuydUtQ3ql00dBA3ZuoN9X5KqCcXoPgY/w200-h150/Rwandan_Genocide.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><br />An <a href="https://watchingthelaw.blogspot.com/2022/04/genocide-1-basic-details.html">earlier post </a>looked at the basics of the offence of Genocide as defined by the 1948 Convention.<p></p><p>This post considers the elements of the offence in greater detail. Links to some decided cases are provided to assist those who wish to delve more deeply into this subject.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">*** The elements of the offence of Genocide ***</span></b></p><p>The elements of genocide can be considered under the headings Objective Elements and Subjective Elements. </p><p style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">* Objective Elements *</span></b></p><p><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">The conduct </span></b>that may amount to genocide is set out by the 1948 Convention under 5 headings -<span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p>(i) KILLING members of a PROTECTED GROUP, namely a national or ethnical. racial or religious group.</p><p>Killing is interpreted as voluntary or intentional killing - essentially, murder</p><p>(ii) Causing SERIOUS BODILY or MENTAL HARM to members of a protected group</p><p>It is clear that the harm may include acts of bodily or mental torture, sexual violence, and persecution.</p><p>The harm need not be permanent or irremediable.</p><p>(iii) Deliberately inflicting on the group CONDITIONS OF LIFE CALCULATED TO BRING ABOUT ITS PHYSICAL DESTRUCTION in whole or in part</p><p>This includes subjecting a group to a subsistence diet, expelling them from their homes, reducing essential medical services below minimum requirements, deprivation of resources indispensable for survival.</p><p>Creating circumstances likely to bring about a slow death is also covered - e.g. failure to provide proper housing, clothing or requiring excessive work or physical exertion.</p><p>(iv) imposing MEASURES INTENDED TO PREVENT BIRTH within the group</p><p>Such measures include sexual mutilation, sterilization, forced birth control, separation of the sexes and prohibition of marriages</p><p>(v) FORCIBLY TRANSFERRING CHILDREN of the group to another group.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #2b00fe; font-size: medium;">* Subjective Elements *</span></b></p><p>The Genocide Convention refers to INTENT to destroy , in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group.</p><p>It follows that the intent required goes beyond that required for the underlying offence (e.g. murder). It is said that there is a dolus specialis or aggravated criminal intention. In the AKAYESU case, the Rwanda tribunal held that genocide required such a special intent.</p><p>The existence of the required intent can be inferred from all the acts and utterances of the accused, or from the general context in which other culpable acts were perpetrated systematically against the same group, regardless of whether such other acts were committed by the same perpetrator or even by other perpetrators.</p><p>This intepretation has been followed in other cases - e.g. Kayishema and Ruzindana, in Rutaganda, and in Musema.</p><p><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Cases -</span></b></p><p>The elements of the offence have been considered in a number of cases including -</p><p>AKAYESU - <span style="background-color: white; color: #55555b;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (Appeals Chamber), Tanzania - </span></span> <a href="https://www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org/Case/50/Akayesu/">Akayesu - Asser Institute (internationalcrimesdatabase.org)</a></p><p>KAYISHEMA and RUZINDANA - <span style="background-color: white; color: #55555b;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #55555b; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 13px;"> - </span><a href="https://internationalcrimesdatabase.org/Case/149/Kayishema-and-Ruzindana/#:~:text=Kayishema%20and%20Ruzindana%20were%20initially%20charged%20in%20the,indictment%20be%20amended%20to%20remove%20the%20conspiracy%20charges.">Kayishema & Ruzindana - Asser Institute (internationalcrimesdatabase.org)</a></p><p>KRSTIC - <a href="https://www.icty.org/en/case/krstic">Krstić (IT-98-33) | International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (icty.org)</a></p><p>BLAGOJEVIC and JOKIC - <a href="https://www.icty.org/en/case/blagojevic_jokic">Blagojević & Jokić (IT-02-60) | International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (icty.org)</a></p><p>BRDANIN - <a href="https://www.icty.org/en/case/brdanin">Brđanin (IT-99-36) | International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (icty.org)</a></p><p>RUTAGANDA - <span style="background-color: white; color: #55555b;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #55555b; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 13px;"> -</span> <a href="https://internationalcrimesdatabase.org/Case/841/Rutaganda/">Rutaganda - Asser Institute (internationalcrimesdatabase.org)</a></p><p>MUSEMA - <a href="https://unictr.irmct.org/en/cases/ictr-96-13">ICTR-96-13 | United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (irmct.org)</a></p><p><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Discussion -</span></b></p><p><a href="https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/vaw/landmark-cases/a-z-of-cases/jean-paul-akayesu-case/">Jean-Paul Akayesu Case | Tackling Violence against Women (lse.ac.uk)</a></p><p><a href="https://ascottlegalblog.wordpress.com/2020/11/09/krstic-the-case-that-saved-genocide/">Krstic- the case that saved genocide – Ascott legal blog (wordpress.com)</a></p><p><b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Further issues -</span></b></p><p>Three further issues concerning genocide are considered in Past 3 on this topic. They are (i) identifying the protected group or groups, (ii) whether acts of genocide always require an underlying genocidal policy by a state or organized authority, (iii) how to discern genocidal intent.</p><p><b><span style="color: red;">Previous post -</span></b></p><p><a href="https://watchingthelaw.blogspot.com/2022/04/genocide-1-basic-details.html">Watching the Law: Genocide - (1) - Basic details</a></p><p><a href="https://watchingthelaw.blogspot.com/2022/04/genocide-3-further-points.html">Watching the Law: Genocide - (3) - Further points</a></p><p><b><u>10 April 2022</u></b></p>ObiterJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04544226917595022902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20953316.post-79096709913957389772022-04-05T08:18:00.013+01:002022-04-11T19:02:59.776+01:00Genocide - (1) - Basic details<p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; color: red; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20px;"><b><i></i></b></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; color: red; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20px;"><b><i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG8I4C202GX9YeL2CGM2jQ3tgUt3MFMlKxDIFOKziAb06JAhymBWkbdGpFzAfdXX-zl-8LS3uRP0DtT9vkII4yycOO51b2ySlYgMRBXPmHRxfF4_QJbj1ZfLus6xkuYoQtEP4FLHXfeHE1N96vybn5dlR2k5PL-1jQGdeIVPfNCACdHnta-DU/s1024/Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="681" data-original-width="1024" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgG8I4C202GX9YeL2CGM2jQ3tgUt3MFMlKxDIFOKziAb06JAhymBWkbdGpFzAfdXX-zl-8LS3uRP0DtT9vkII4yycOO51b2ySlYgMRBXPmHRxfF4_QJbj1ZfLus6xkuYoQtEP4FLHXfeHE1N96vybn5dlR2k5PL-1jQGdeIVPfNCACdHnta-DU/w200-h133/Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg" width="200" /></a></i></b></span></span></div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: red; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20px;"><b><i style="background-color: white;">The 1946 General Assembly Resolution -</i></b></span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20px;">In the aftermath of World War 2, the United Nations General Assembly passed -</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20px;"> </span><a href="https://www.armenian-genocide.org/Affirmation.227/current_category.6/affirmation_detail.html" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 20px;">United Nations General Assembly Resolution 96</a>. This began -</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;">"Genocide is a denial of the right of existence of entire human groups, as homicide is the denial of the right to live of individual human beings; such denial of the right of existence shocks the conscience of mankind, results in great losses to humanity in the form of cultural and other contributions represented by these human groups, and is contrary to moral law and to the spirit and aims of the United Nations.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.4;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Many instances of such crimes of genocide have occurred when racial, religious, political, and other groups have been destroyed, entirely or in part.</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.4;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The punishment of the crime of genocide is a matter of international concern."</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.4;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The General Assembly then affirmed - <span></span></span></p><a name='more'></a><p></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.4;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">"that genocide is a crime under international law which the civilized world condemns, and for the commission of which principals and accomplices - whether private individuals, public officials or statesmen, and whether the crime is committed on religious, racial, political or any other grounds --are punishable"</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.4;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">UN member States were invited to "enact the necessary legislation for the prevention and punishment of this crime"</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.4;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><b><i>The 1948 Convention -</i></b></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20px;">The text of the Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 9 December 1948. After obtaining the requisite twenty ratifications required by article XIII, the Convention entered into force on 12 January 1951.</span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20px;"><a href="https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.1_Convention%20on%20the%20Prevention%20and%20Punishment%20of%20the%20Crime%20of%20Genocide.pdf">Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.pdf</a></span></p><p><b><i><span style="color: red;">Definition - </span></i></b></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;">The definition of Genocide appears in Article II of the Convention -</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQuSqC-rOxcQUzRt9bilTInhGAXzaqTqLLK3bopxUEpkOqt9QRirAx9-tx6GZh11YGcnJ1ht6t4LLOoAwknHDVtVBQxjiE6tfzcKMJQPlMcuwJyDpHMJr9_Ca85-tF1rQzYxMoiGZqDn0FuTV4yq4w3CkFvjWS7DDVqsZnhcRX4QqFLhFhpCc/s605/Genocide%20convention%20Arts%20I%20and%20II.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="374" data-original-width="605" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQuSqC-rOxcQUzRt9bilTInhGAXzaqTqLLK3bopxUEpkOqt9QRirAx9-tx6GZh11YGcnJ1ht6t4LLOoAwknHDVtVBQxjiE6tfzcKMJQPlMcuwJyDpHMJr9_Ca85-tF1rQzYxMoiGZqDn0FuTV4yq4w3CkFvjWS7DDVqsZnhcRX4QqFLhFhpCc/w640-h396/Genocide%20convention%20Arts%20I%20and%20II.PNG" width="640" /></a></div><p><b><i><span style="color: red;">Article III to VII -</span></i></b></p><p><b><i><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Article III -</span> </span></i></b>The following acts shall be punishable: </p><p>(a) Genocide; </p><p>(b) Conspiracy to commit genocide; </p><p>(c) Direct and public incitement to commit genocide; </p><p>(d) Attempt to commit genocide; </p><p>(e) Complicity in genocide. </p><p>Article III therefore imposes an obligation upon the Contracting Parties to punish not only the perpetration of genocide but also conduct linked to the crime - conspiracy, incitement, attempt etc.</p><p><b><i><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Article IV </span></i></b></p><p>Persons committing genocide or any of the other acts enumerated in article III shall be
punished, whether they are <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">constitutionally responsible rulers, public officials or private
individuals</span></b>. </p><p><b><i><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Article V </span></i></b></p><p>The Contracting Parties undertake to enact, in accordance with their respective
Constitutions, the necessary legislation to give effect to the provisions of the present
Convention, and, in particular, to provide effective penalties for persons guilty of
genocide or any of the other acts enumerated in article III. </p><p>The United Kingdom offers an example of such national legislation - <a href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/en/ukpga/2001/17/part/5">International Criminal Court Act 2001 Part 5 </a>- (replacing the Genocide Act 1969).</p><p><b><i><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Article VI </span></i></b></p><p>Persons charged with genocide or any of the other acts enumerated in article III shall
be tried by a competent tribunal of the State in the territory of which the act was
committed, or by such international penal tribunal as may have jurisdiction with respect
to those Contracting Parties which shall have accepted its jurisdiction.</p><p>This article plainly envisaged the creation of a future international penal tribunal. That had to wait 50 years - until 1998.</p><p><b><i><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Article VII </span></i></b></p><p>Genocide and the other acts enumerated in article III shall not be considered as political
crimes for the purpose of extradition.
The Contracting Parties pledge themselves in such cases to grant extradition in
accordance with their laws and treaties in force. </p><p>Articles VIII to XVIII are not considered here - (see them via the link above).</p><p><b><i><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">Dual responsibility -</span></i></b></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;">An important judgment on the Convention is BOSNIA v SERBIA decided by the International Court of Justice in 2007.</span></p><p><a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/91/091-20070226-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf">091-20070226-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf (icj-cij.org)</a></p><p>This is a lengthy, detailed judgment but is essential reading for anyone seeking a full understanding of this topic.</p><p>Crucially, the court adopted a wide view of the convention and held that it imposed not only an obligation on individuals but also on contracting parties to refrain from engaging in genocide.</p><p>The same act(s) may therefore give rise to both individual and State responsibility.</p><p><b><i><span style="color: red;">Merits of the convention and problems -</span></i></b></p><p>1. There is a definition of genocide</p><p>2. Acts connected to genocide are also punishable - e.g. conspiracy, incitement etc</p><p>3. Genocide is not confined to war - it may be committed at any time</p><p>4. Genocide may be committed by constitutionally responsible rulers and State officials</p><p>5. As interpreted by the ICJ, the convention imposes liability on the contracting parties as States.</p><p>Problems lie within the definition. These include the absence of definition as to what constitutes the groups against which genocide may be perpetrated - i.e. national, ethnical, racial, and religious.</p><p>Further problems lie with defining the elements of the offence including the question of whether acts of genocide require an underlying genocidal policy by a State.</p><p><b><i><span style="color: red;">Tribunals -</span></i></b></p><p>A number of tribunals have been created to try allegations of genocide. These include the International Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, and certain bodies.</p><p><a href="https://www.icty.org/">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia | United Nations<br /> International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (icty.org)</a></p><p><a href="https://unictr.irmct.org/">Home | United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (irmct.org)</a></p><p>Today, there is a Residual Mechanism - <a href="https://www.irmct.org/en">Home | UNITED NATIONS | International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals (irmct.org)</a> - <span style="background-color: white; color: #252d33;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">mandated to perform a number of essential functions previously carried out by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (“ICTR”) and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (“ICTY”). </span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #252d33;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The judgments of the various Tribunals have dealt with numerous aspects of the law relating to genocide.</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><b><i>International Criminal Court -</i></b></span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #252d33;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Article 6 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court adopts the 1948 Convention definition of genocide.</span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #252d33;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/NR/rdonlyres/EA9AEFF7-5752-4F84-BE94-0A655EB30E16/0/Rome_Statute_English.pdf">Rome_Statute_English.pdf (icc-cpi.int)</a></span></span></p><p><b><i><span><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">Background infor</span><span style="color: red;">mation -</span></span></i></b></p><p>Background and basic information may be seen in material prepared by Professor William A. Schabas at - <a href="https://legal.un.org/avl/ha/cppcg/cppcg.html"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide</span></a></p><p><b><i><span style="color: red;">Further post -</span></i></b></p><p><a href="https://watchingthelaw.blogspot.com/2022/04/genocide-2-elements-of-offence.html">Watching the Law: Genocide - (2) - The elements of the offence</a></p><p><b><u>4</u></b><b><u> April 2022</u></b></p>ObiterJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04544226917595022902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20953316.post-87004954622635965912022-04-04T17:40:00.006+01:002024-02-08T11:41:59.288+00:00Aggression - Ukraine<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnNrhnMv2ZdfAO9FJJ1s2gaaU6ninRi2fqd7Dy55AN9b7XtnZ1VuKMPzH8DcFNGA_VicI2nmUx04bx8floF1N9m8BfJDQaSFQrBMKlkY0iWnydGS4SUfpMDiQG3y3gzA6vTADwQvndYYsA5cIVHYuO3u8PlMITlxhjdeb4SHWszRHnAQKIfsE/s558/Ukraine%201.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="380" data-original-width="558" height="136" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnNrhnMv2ZdfAO9FJJ1s2gaaU6ninRi2fqd7Dy55AN9b7XtnZ1VuKMPzH8DcFNGA_VicI2nmUx04bx8floF1N9m8BfJDQaSFQrBMKlkY0iWnydGS4SUfpMDiQG3y3gzA6vTADwQvndYYsA5cIVHYuO3u8PlMITlxhjdeb4SHWszRHnAQKIfsE/w200-h136/Ukraine%201.PNG" width="200" /></a></div><br /> <i><b><span style="color: red;">" ... aggression, ... is not only an international crime; <span> it is the </span><span>supreme international crime differing only from other war crimes in that it contains </span><span>within itself the accumulated evil of the whole."</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> - Nuremberg judgment 1 October 1946</span></span></b></i><p></p><p></p><p>The former Prime Minister Gordon Brown and many others are calling for a Special Tribunal to be created with a view to trying the Russian President (Vladimir Putin) and his accomplices for the <b><span style="color: red;">Crime of Aggression</span></b> in Ukraine -</p><p><a href="https://gordonandsarahbrown.com/2022/03/calling-for-the-creation-of-a-special-tribunal-for-the-punishment-of-the-crime-of-aggression-against-ukraine/">Press Release: Calling for the Creation of a Special Tribunal for the Punishment of the Crime of Aggression against Ukraine | The Office of Gordon & Sarah Brown (gordonandsarahbrown.com)</a></p><p>and please read the <a href="https://gordonandsarahbrown.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Combined-Statement-and-Declaration.pdf">Statement and Declaration</a>.</p><p><b><i><span style="color: red;">Aggression - its definition and ICC jurisdiction:</span></i></b></p><p>The International Criminal Court (ICC) is founded by the Rome Statute of 17 July 1998 - <a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/NR/rdonlyres/EA9AEFF7-5752-4F84-BE94-0A655EB30E16/0/Rome_Statute_English.pdf?msclkid=49f9ba11a84111eca51a7515ee369bd5">Rome_Statute_English.pdf (icc-cpi.int)</a>. </p><p>The Statute defines the crime of aggression in Article 8 bis which was added to the Statute following the <a href="https://asp.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/asp/reviewconference/Pages/review%20conference.aspx?msclkid=d94da331a84211ec93723e1bc3d0dd9c">Kampala Review Conference held in 2010</a> </p><p>Reaching agreement<span></span></p><a name='more'></a>on a definition was difficult but questions about the jurisdiction of the ICC over the crime of aggression were even more difficult. <p></p><p>It is plain that President Putin - no doubt assisted by other senior figures - planned, prepared, initiated and executed the military attacks on Ukraine. Putin is obviously in a position effectively to exercise control over the political and military action of the Russian Federation. Further, it is crystal clear that the Russian military action is of such gravity and scale that there is a manifest violation of the Charter of the United Nations. </p><p>On 2 March 2022, the Russian action was condemned by the United Nations General Assembly - <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/02/world/europe/russia-un-invasion-condemn.html">U.N. General Assembly Approves Resolution Condemning Russia’s Invasion - The New York Times (nytimes.com)</a> and <a href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/3/unga-resolution-against-ukraine-invasion-full-text">UN resolution against Ukraine invasion: Full text | Russia-Ukraine war News | Al Jazeera</a></p><p>In short, Putin's actions appear to come well within the definition of aggression in the ICC Statute Article 8 bis. (Whether there is actual guilt would fall to be decided by a duly constituted court or tribunal at which Russia has a proper opportunity to defend its actions).</p><p>The problem for the ICC is that its jurisdiction over the crime of aggression is narrow. In the absence of a UN Security Council referral, the ICC is not able to exercise jurisdiction over aggression in respect of a State that is not a party to the ICC Statute and that includes Russia. The lack of jurisdiction is clear from Article 15 bis (5) of the ICC Statute.</p><p>A Security Council referral will not occur because of the right of Russia as a Permanent Member of the Council to veto any proposal. The right of P5 members to veto is controversial but <span style="background-color: white; color: #001e3c; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/6110794854146484721/5350089165425738240" style="background-color: white; font-family: "IBM Plex Serif", Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">difficult to reform</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #001e3c; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">. It is explained at - </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/6110794854146484721/5350089165425738240" style="background-color: white; font-family: "IBM Plex Serif", Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">The Veto and the UN Security Council – Center for UN Reform Education</span></a></p><p>It is this gap in jurisdiction which Gordon Brown's initiative seeks to fill.</p><p><b><i><span style="color: red;">The proposed tribunal - pros and cons:</span></i></b></p><p>As is the case with many aspects of international law there is disagreement among legal experts as to whether the proposed special tribunal is a good idea.</p><p>An opinion against the proposed tribunal is that of Kevin Jon Heller - Professor of International Law and Security at the Copenhagen Centre for Military Studies - <a href="http://opiniojuris.org/2022/03/07/creating-a-special-tribunal-for-aggression-against-ukraine-is-a-bad-idea/">Creating a Special Tribunal for Aggression Against Ukraine Is a Bad Idea - Opinio Juris</a></p><p>Professor Heller's view has been robustly countered by Dr Carrie McDougall of the Melbourne Law School (University of Melbourne). McDougall presents a strong case that the proposed tribunal is the best available option - <a href="https://opiniojuris.org/2022/03/15/why-creating-a-special-tribunal-for-aggression-against-ukraine-is-the-best-available-option-a-reply-to-kevin-jon-heller-and-other-critics/#:~:text=For%20it%20is%20clear%20that%2C%20in%20the%20absence,Party%20carve%20out%20included%20in%">Why Creating a Special Tribunal for Aggression Against Ukraine is the Best Available Option: A Reply to Kevin Jon Heller and Other Critics - Opinio Juris</a></p><p><b><i><span style="color: red;">Council of Europe</span></i></b> - <a href="http://opiniojuris.org/2022/03/30/an-aggression-chamber-for-ukraine-supported-by-the-council-of-europe/">An Aggression Chamber for Ukraine Supported by the Council of Europe - Opinio Juris</a></p><p><b><u>22 March 2022</u></b></p><p style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #001e3c; font-family: "IBM Plex Serif", Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 22px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><i>Update 8 January 2023</i></b> - <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/08/russia-tribunal-crime-aggression-ukraine-uk-cross-party-leaders" style="background-color: transparent;">Russia must face tribunal for ‘crime of aggression’ in Ukraine, say UK cross-party leaders | Ukraine | The Guardian</a></p><p style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #001e3c; font-family: "IBM Plex Serif", Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 22px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><i>Update 28 April 2023</i></b> - <a href="https://derrickwyatt.substack.com/p/could-putin-be-tried-for-the-crime" style="background-color: transparent;">Could Putin be tried for the crime of aggression? (substack.com)</a></p><p style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #001e3c; font-family: "IBM Plex Serif", Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 22px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><i>5 May 2023</i></b> - <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/04/volodymyr-zelenskiy-calls-for-war-crimes-tribunal-vladimir-putin" style="background-color: transparent;">Zelenskiy strengthens calls for a new war crimes tribunal to try Putin | Volodymyr Zelenskiy | The Guardian</a></p><p style="background: 0px 0px rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; color: #001e3c; font-family: "IBM Plex Serif", Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px 0px 22px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><i>8 February 2024 </i></b>- <a href="https://rozenberg.substack.com/p/which-court-could-try-putin" style="background-color: transparent;">Which court could try Putin? - by Joshua Rozenberg (substack.com)</a></p>ObiterJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04544226917595022902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20953316.post-37980669266148674502022-03-06T11:48:00.003+00:002022-03-06T11:48:41.616+00:00Russia and Ukraine<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgBXNz_3-x4auNrwUm47xAwz7HuH17GW2_DKvQBDGjA9DVfFalXqwlW_aHMJI9kuABBwkUMVqb6nD-KrrTcQf4TKC_W3U3ZU9FBG0JmxBl5BPUc289Ev44guCj5dlZQSHmC1Kt6mxpGeC_TIINQU8ckqknB8tsSKz72jP8OrHoXpBcreSICW34=s772" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="515" data-original-width="772" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgBXNz_3-x4auNrwUm47xAwz7HuH17GW2_DKvQBDGjA9DVfFalXqwlW_aHMJI9kuABBwkUMVqb6nD-KrrTcQf4TKC_W3U3ZU9FBG0JmxBl5BPUc289Ev44guCj5dlZQSHmC1Kt6mxpGeC_TIINQU8ckqknB8tsSKz72jP8OrHoXpBcreSICW34=w200-h133" width="200" /></a></div>The Russian action in Ukraine has been rightly condemned by the British government and by most other governments, international bodies, non-governmental organisations such as <a href="https://www.amnesty.org.uk/protect-civilians-ukraine">Amnesty International</a>, and by individual opinion worldwide.<p></p><p>The United Nations General Assembly has demanded Russian withdrawal from Ukraine - <a href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/03/1113152">General Assembly resolution demands end to Russian offensive in Ukraine | | UN News</a> - and the United Nations Human Rights Council is establishing a Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine - <a href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/03/1113292">Human Rights Council to establish Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine | | UN News</a></p><p>Links to the wide-ranging actions taken by other bodies are in this post on my Law and Lawyers blog - <a href="https://obiterj.blogspot.com/2022/02/conflict-in-ukraine-3-reaction-un.html">Conflict in Ukraine (3) - Reaction - UN, Council of Europe, EU, ICC, ICJ (obiterj.blogspot.com)</a></p><p><b><i><span style="color: red;">Crimea:</span></i></b></p><p>Since the occupation of Crimea by Russia in 2014 there have been - </p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>allegations of human rights abuses by Russia against the Tatar people in Crimea</li></ul><p></p><p>and</p><p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>allegations by Russia concerning human rights abuses by Ukraine and also removal of water supply to Crimea.</li></ul><p></p><p><b><i><span style="color: red;">Tatar people:</span></i></b></p><p>In 2021, the UK government <span></span></p><a name='more'></a>issued a statement referring to the systematic prosecution of Crimean Tatars by the "Russian de-facto authorities" with individuals "subject to frequent intimidation, house raids, and arbitrary arrests."<p></p><p><a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/russias-ongoing-violations-of-human-rights-in-illegally-annexed-crimea-ukraine-uk-statement">Russia’s ongoing violations of human rights in illegally annexed Crimea, Ukraine: UK statement - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)</a></p><p><b><i><span style="color: red;">Allegations made by Russia:</span></i></b></p><p><a href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-says-ukraine-blocking-water-supply-crimea-european-lawsuit-2021-07-22/">Lack of water supply to Crimea</a> was raised, along with other serious allegations, by Russia in an inter-State action at the European Court of Human Rights - <a href="https://www.echrcaselaw.com/en/echr-decisions/russia-v-ukraine-with-inter-state-application-allegations-of-murder-kidnapping-etc-request-for-interim-measures-and-rejection-for-lack-of-serious-threat-and-risk-of-irreparable-damage/">Russia v. Ukraine with inter state application. Allegations of murder, kidnapping, etc. Request for interim measures and rejection for lack of serious threat and risk of irreparable damage - ECHRCaseLaw</a></p><p>The application was considered in an article published by the European Journal of International Law (EJIL: Talk!) in August 2021 - <a href="https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-proceedings-flow-while-water-does-not-russias-claims-concerning-the-north-crimean-canal-in-strasbourg/">The Proceedings Flow While Water Does Not: Russia’s Claims Concerning the North Crimean Canal in Strasbourg – EJIL: Talk! (ejiltalk.org)</a></p><p>It is now reported that Russian Forces have destroyed the dam and that the North Crimean Canal is receiving water - <a href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/03/04/north-crimean-canal-fills-with-water-after-russian-forces-destroyed-dam-a76755">North Crimean Canal Fills With Water After Russian Forces Destroyed Dam - The Moscow Times</a></p><p><a href="https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/backgrounder-the-water-crisis-in-crimea/#:~:text=Crimea%20has%20always%20depended%20on%20the%20water%20supply,canal%20provided%2085%25%20of%20drinkable%20water%20to%20Crimea.">Backgrounder: The Water Crisis in Crimea | Geopolitical Monitor</a></p><p><b><u>6 March 2022</u></b></p>ObiterJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04544226917595022902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20953316.post-9090055022785923852022-03-01T07:38:00.005+00:002022-03-18T07:52:54.602+00:00Ukraine v Russia ~ 1948 Genocide Convention<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg-vTizTqoksi6b_-CONGAwXEQi7aVz-gjwvUoDRoq6-B6srIS-k9bdd1nElCMfWmLgE_a_GwlfVm9c8FexBGZDeOhkkMjd0jKAx7rtgWjKsEEG19Ld08vKIIHod5N-GpIc7xZsTrRAVRAkmRzVOCdtRz9g4fK6VYtJoP9c7BmdT2QbU7lbNUM=s296" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="170" data-original-width="296" height="115" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg-vTizTqoksi6b_-CONGAwXEQi7aVz-gjwvUoDRoq6-B6srIS-k9bdd1nElCMfWmLgE_a_GwlfVm9c8FexBGZDeOhkkMjd0jKAx7rtgWjKsEEG19Ld08vKIIHod5N-GpIc7xZsTrRAVRAkmRzVOCdtRz9g4fK6VYtJoP9c7BmdT2QbU7lbNUM=w200-h115" width="200" /></a></div>The International Court of Justice (ICJ) announced an application by Ukraine to institute proceedings against Russia.<p></p><p><a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/182">Latest developments | Proceedings instituted by Ukraine against the Russian Federation on 26 February 2022 | International Court of Justice (icj-cij.org)</a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi2aQVtN0ae9d_48MLcHf2fyMzn9h_-Sx7oWKhyzIlDP_3pzLAE1UsOtc4LYqmyMXsaGJA7C8qPvMDW8qRo1a_sc0ZaS5PxorA8T2ehQs-0Ksn9hQaxQjRfEBTJYTtqmErurz3S14vdVJ20-BFBPeEtpNdyMGrSUfEee6UGAO0LDVC677jCgrY=s627" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="381" data-original-width="627" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi2aQVtN0ae9d_48MLcHf2fyMzn9h_-Sx7oWKhyzIlDP_3pzLAE1UsOtc4LYqmyMXsaGJA7C8qPvMDW8qRo1a_sc0ZaS5PxorA8T2ehQs-0Ksn9hQaxQjRfEBTJYTtqmErurz3S14vdVJ20-BFBPeEtpNdyMGrSUfEee6UGAO0LDVC677jCgrY=w640-h388" width="640" /></a></div><p><a href="https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/our-work/Doc.9_Convention%20on%20the%20Prevention%20and%20Punishment%20of%20the%20Crime%20of%20Genocide.pdf">Doc.9_Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.pdf</a></p><p><b><u>1 March 2022</u></b></p><p><b><u><i><span style="color: red;">Update 16 March 2022</span></i></u></b></p><p><a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/182/182-20220316-PRE-01-00-EN.pdf">The Court indicates provisional measures (icj-cij.org)</a> - Order of 16 March 2022 - Allegations of Genocide under the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide - Ukraine v Russian Federation.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>ObiterJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04544226917595022902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20953316.post-15741080537196098952021-07-01T09:08:00.006+01:002021-07-01T09:18:01.049+01:00Stanišić and Simatović convicted by the IRMCT<p><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8RiXUxw4mFnOYtWjvuTUYemx_Wrz0pAybOd9I2dudfrlwy5fFjHSWDAI1ebPTHTNfcktPt7mfj-XTF0T2tzR3fTSUOnhFbWIoS9mboOxsITvIfwTJHLs_eL3wicWV-f77mbqQaw/s720/Serbian+pariahs.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="383" data-original-width="720" height="106" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8RiXUxw4mFnOYtWjvuTUYemx_Wrz0pAybOd9I2dudfrlwy5fFjHSWDAI1ebPTHTNfcktPt7mfj-XTF0T2tzR3fTSUOnhFbWIoS9mboOxsITvIfwTJHLs_eL3wicWV-f77mbqQaw/w200-h106/Serbian+pariahs.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><span style="font-family: inherit;">Jovica <span style="background-color: white; color: #252d33;">Stanišić </span><span>was the Head of the State Security Service ("DB") of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Serbia ("MUP").</span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span>Frank </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252d33;">Simatović </span><span>was employed in the Second administration of the DB.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;">Both men have been convicted by the <a href="https://www.irmct.org/en/about">International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals</a> (IRMCT) of various crimes including aiding and abetting murder - see the <a href="https://www.irmct.org/en/news/21-06-30-judgement-delivered-case-prosecutor-v-jovica-stanisic-and-franko-simatovic">announcement of 30 June 2021</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: inherit;">A 10 page <a href="https://www.irmct.org/sites/default/files/case_documents/2021-06-30-judgement-summary-stanisic-simatovic-15-96-en.pdf">judgment summary</a> is available as well as the <a href="https://www.irmct.org/en/cases/mict-15-96">Case Page</a>.</span></p><p>The two men were arrested in March 2003 and it has therefore taken 18 years to arrive at this verdict. This was a retrial which commenced on 13 June 2017.</p><p>Sentences of 12 years imprisonment were imposed subject to credit for the time already spent in custody.</p><p><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/law/2021/jun/29/serbian-secret-police-chiefs-face-verdict-over-atrocities-in-croatia-and-bosnia">The Guardian 29 June 2021</a> - Serbian secret police chiefs face verdict over atrocities in Croatia and Bosnia</p><p><b><u>1 July 2021</u></b></p>ObiterJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04544226917595022902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20953316.post-50846100695168937792021-06-10T08:31:00.001+01:002021-06-10T08:31:24.838+01:00Appeals Chamber of the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals delivers judgement in the Mladić case<p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6AouG5bMJN-Pym5a3YNi48vCtL7PqU-23s9CIX2RMtmhAwetzg_2vo-WGIfocrCp6XvvocPrM7qb0SQfggmXKJekryp-2TNS2rHbxujYA_TH2DXD1dyKky9byOvNP1_aAHTQVbQ/s704/Srebrenica+2.webp" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="397" data-original-width="704" height="113" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6AouG5bMJN-Pym5a3YNi48vCtL7PqU-23s9CIX2RMtmhAwetzg_2vo-WGIfocrCp6XvvocPrM7qb0SQfggmXKJekryp-2TNS2rHbxujYA_TH2DXD1dyKky9byOvNP1_aAHTQVbQ/w200-h113/Srebrenica+2.webp" width="200" /></a></div><b><i><span style="color: red;">Mladić should be condemned by all responsible officials in the former Yugoslavia and around the world. His name should be consigned to the list of history’s most depraved and barbarous figures.</span></i></b><p></p><p>On 8 June 2021 the Appeals Chamber of the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals handed down its judgment in the Mladić case.</p><p>The IRMCT was established by UN Security Council Resolution 1966 (2010) to complete the remaining work of<span></span></p><a name='more'></a> the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia after the completion of their respective mandates.<p></p><p><a href="https://www.irmct.org/en/news/21-06-08-appeals-chamber-international-residual-mechanism-criminal-tribunals-delivers">The Appeals Chamber of the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals delivers judgement in the Mladić case | UNITED NATIONS | International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals (irmct.org)</a></p><p>See also the Statement by the Prosecutor </p><p><a href="https://www.irmct.org/en/news/21-06-08-statement-prosecutor-occasion-mladic-appeals-judgement">Statement by the Prosecutor on the occasion of Mladić Appeals Judgement | UNITED NATIONS | International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals (irmct.org)</a></p><p>Mladić was found guilty for commanding violent ethnic cleansing campaigns across Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1992 to 1995. He was further convicted for commanding a campaign of crimes against the civilian population during the Siege of Sarajevo. He was also convicted for using the forces under his command to commit genocide against the Bosnian Muslim population of Srebrenica. Finally, he was convicted for taking UN peacekeepers hostage and using them as human shields.</p><p>SBS News - <a href="https://www.sbs.com.au/news/why-ratko-mladic-will-be-remembered-as-one-of-history-s-most-barbarous-figures">Why Ratko Mladić will be remembered as one of 'history's most barbarous figures'</a></p><h1 class="h1 headline article__headline" style="background-color: whitesmoke; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1b2024; font-family: "Roboto Slab"; font-size: 38px; letter-spacing: -0.5px; line-height: 60px; margin: 0px 0px 0.67em; text-align: center;"><br /></h1>ObiterJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04544226917595022902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20953316.post-30995587316762515202020-10-20T10:01:00.003+01:002020-10-20T10:01:54.572+01:00Sovereignty - what is it ?<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv3r7p1AckegXYzf1LpgC7quIKhWtwgtLV54WLVsFyxuHZ24X3Uw330b5GldX9klHrk39DFtY4Jj9aI96AAEMLYRrm0DewREe0V2ujpwQARLDB5OezIyBk4xGXX0km55ctI_btNQ/s260/Parliament+view+across+Thames.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="194" data-original-width="260" height="149" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv3r7p1AckegXYzf1LpgC7quIKhWtwgtLV54WLVsFyxuHZ24X3Uw330b5GldX9klHrk39DFtY4Jj9aI96AAEMLYRrm0DewREe0V2ujpwQARLDB5OezIyBk4xGXX0km55ctI_btNQ/w200-h149/Parliament+view+across+Thames.jpg" width="200" /></a></div> "Do you want to see sovereignty back? Then vote to leave the EU." That was the headline to an article in <a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/eureferendum/12146990/Do-you-want-sovereignty-back-Then-vote-to-leave-the-EU.html">The Telegraph 8th February 2016</a>. It suggested that, by being in the EU, the United Kingdom had lost its <u><span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>sovereignty</b></span></u> but what does that word actually mean?<br />
<br />
There is a large amount of discussion in texts on International Law as to what a <span style="color: blue;"><b>STATE</b></span>
actually is; how one comes into being; how one ceases to exist.
Basically, a State in international law has a population, defined
territory (including airspace and water adjacent to the land territory),
a government and the capacity to enter into relations with other
States. Moreover, it will be recognised as a State by other States and,
of course, States can enter into alliances with eachother or other
agreements (such as trade treaties, extradition treaties etc). It is
said that the State has SOVEREIGNTY. <br />
<br />
<p></p><a name='more'></a>
The "government" of a State (however that government is formed) controls
the State and exercises, to a greater or lesser degree, power over
those within the State. "Government" in this widest sense embraces the
power to make laws for the State (a <span style="color: #cc0000;"><u><b>legislative power</b></u></span>), to administer State affairs (e.g. government departments implementing domestic policy and foreign relations) - the <u><span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>Executive power</b></span></u>,
and to have machinery for the peaceful settlement of disputes and to
deal with those who are found to have broken the laws of the State - <u><span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>Judicial power</b></span></u>.<br />
<br />
Many constitutional thinkers of the 17th and 18th centuries realised
that it is not desirable for any single individual or entity to hold
more than one of the powers: legislative, executive, judicial. In this
way, nobody holds absolute power. This idea of <u><span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>separation of powers</b></span></u> has been an enduring feature: at least in western democratic nations where it is found in varying degrees. <br />
<br />
Nobody would have seriously suggested that by joining the European
Union, which is NOT a State, the UK had somehow ceased to be a State.
In that sense, the UK has not lost any of its "State sovereignty. What
then was the headline getting at?<br />
<br />
The answer relates to sovereignty in a different sense - <span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="color: red;"><u><b>Parliamentary Sovereignty</b></u></span></span> - a concept stemming principally from the work of the work of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._V._Dicey">Professor A.V. Dicey</a> (1835-1922) who wrote that:<br />
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<br />
"The principle of Parliamentary Sovereignty means neither more nor less than
this, namely, that Parliament … has, .... , the right
to make any law whatever; and, further, that no person or body is recognised by
the law .... as having a right to override or set aside the legislation
of Parliament."<br />
<br />
Parliament may therefore make any law and is, in legal theory, not
restricted in any way. Parliament expresses its will by enacting <span style="color: #cc0000;"><u><b>ACTS of PARLIAMENT</b></u></span>
and no person or court may override or set aside an ACT. If there is a
dispute about the meaning of an Act, it is for the courts to interpret
the Act. <br />
<br />
In <a href="http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2017/5.html">R (Miller and another) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union</a> [2017] UKSC 5, the court said (at para 40) - "Unlike most countries, the United Kingdom does not have a constitution
in the sense of a single coherent code of fundamental law which prevails over
all other sources of law. Our constitutional arrangements have developed over
time in a pragmatic as much as in a principled way, through a combination of
statutes, events, conventions, academic writings and judicial decisions.
Reflecting its development and its contents, the UK constitution was described
by the constitutional scholar, Professor AV Dicey, as “the most flexible polity
in existence” - <i>Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution</i>
(8th ed, 1915), p 87."<br />
<br />
Those who advocate a written (formal) constitution often envisage that
such a document would limit this legally unrestricted power since laws
made by Parliament could not be contrary to anything permitted by the
constitution. For others, that is a problem because they do not wish to
increase judicial power and thereby enable judges to "strike down" laws
enacted by a duly elected Parliament.<br />
<br />
On joining the EU (as it now is) Parliament enacted the <u><span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>European Communities Act 1972</b></span></u> and it is by means of this Act - <i>an Act of our own Sovereign Parliament</i>
- that EU laws apply within the UK. It was the will of Parliament that
this be so since Parliament had decided to enter into co-operation with
the other member States and to share aspects of our sovereignty as a
nation.<br />
<br />
Therefore, when the word sovereignty is used, ask in what sense it is being used. The answer is often <span style="color: #cc0000;"><u><b>Parliamentary Sovereignty</b></u></span>. <br />
<br />
For a succinct article on this topic please see Head of Legal blog - <a href="http://www.headoflegal.com/2016/02/23/what-is-parliamentary-sovereignty-anyway/">What is Parliamentary Sovereignty anyway</a>?<br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;"><i><b>Some further reading:</b></i></span><br />
<br />
States - The {new} International Law blog - <a href="https://thenewinternationallaw.wordpress.com/2012/05/02/what-makes-a-state/">What makes a State</a>?<br />
<br />
<a href="https://ballbhandoutnotes.wordpress.com/tag/austins-theory-of-sovereignty-monistic-view/">John Austin and his theory of sovereignty</a> and <a href="http://www.politicalsciencenotes.com/theories/8-criticism-faced-by-austins-theory-of-sovereignty/252">some criticisms of Austin's theory</a>.<br />
<br />
Parliament - <a href="http://www.parliament.uk/briefing-papers/sn06053.pdf">Separation of Powers</a><br />
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Globalization - <a href="http://www.globalization101.org/the-issue-of-sovereignty/">The issue of sovereignty</a> <br />
<br />
Parliament - <a href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/how/role/sovereignty/">Parliamentary Sovereignty</a> - Parliamentary sovereignty is a principle of the UK constitution. It
makes Parliament the supreme legal authority in the UK, which can create
or end any law. Generally, the courts cannot overrule its legislation
and no Parliament can pass laws that future Parliaments cannot change.
Parliamentary sovereignty is the most important part of the UK
constitution.<br />
<br />
Chatham House Research Paper May 2016 - <a href="https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/chathamhouse/publications/research/2016-05-09-britain-eu-sovereignty-myth-niblett-final.pdf">Britain, the EU and the Sovereignty Myth</a><br />
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ObiterJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04544226917595022902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20953316.post-89303555246519468462020-10-20T09:58:00.016+01:002022-10-07T12:22:21.238+01:00A Codified Constitution for the UK ?<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8mYMMR_Hz0EQLQhuSoCIXdtJlyCgkQOFj77yJKtXRpvEGyFLifjtwXt2-CfzsEa_vtkyor4OpDm-FnxO5nd2YkhkUD28JHvBv6NzKetkTIjaJxjMduwuCqUWU32RYzAjFzCIwaw/s480/Cornelian+Bay+August+2015.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="480" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8mYMMR_Hz0EQLQhuSoCIXdtJlyCgkQOFj77yJKtXRpvEGyFLifjtwXt2-CfzsEa_vtkyor4OpDm-FnxO5nd2YkhkUD28JHvBv6NzKetkTIjaJxjMduwuCqUWU32RYzAjFzCIwaw/w200-h150/Cornelian+Bay+August+2015.jpg" width="200" /></a></div> <span style="color: red;"><i><b>Introduction:</b></i></span><br />
<br />
The United Kingdom's constitutional arrangements are essentially
<b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">political in nature</span></b> as opposed to being based on a legally binding
formal (or codified) constitution. <div><br /></div><div>The <b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">political nature</span></b> of the
arrangements continues to be true even though there are a number of
"constitutional" Acts of Parliament such as those creating devolved
legislatures / government for Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. </div><div><br /></div><div>One consequence of the political nature of the arrangements is that
<b><span style="color: #351c75;">conventions</span></b> play a considerable part by setting out the usual course of action to be adopted in particular situations. Conventions are not rules of law and the courts, whilst recognising their existence, do not enforce them. </div><div><br /></div><div>It will suffice to give three examples of conventions -</div><div><br /></div><div>1. By
convention, Royal Assent is not withheld for a bill which has
passed through all its parliamentary stages. </div><div><br /></div><div>2. By convention, the Monarch appoints as Prime Minister the individual who
appears most likely to be able to command a majority in the House of
Commons - normally the leader of the political party which has gained
the most seats at a general election.</div><div><br /></div><div>3. The so-called <a href="https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainers/sewel-convention">Sewel Convention</a> is to the effect that the UK Parliament will not normally legislate for devolved matters without the consent of the devolved legislature - see <a href="https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2017/5.html">Miller 1</a> [2017] UKSC 5 at paras 136 to 151. At para 151 the court stated - " ... we do not underestimate the importance of constitutional conventions, some of which play a fundamental role in the operation of our constitution. The Sewel Convention has an important role in facilitating harmonious relationships between the UK Parliament and the devolved legislatures. But the policing of its scope and the manner of its operation does not lie within the constitutional remit of the judiciary, which is to protect the rule of law."</div><div><br /></div><div><b><i><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Reform:</span></i></b></div><div><br /></div><div>The absence of a formal constitution has the result that <span><a name='more'></a></span>major changes can be made by any political party which is able to get legislation through Parliament.</div><div><br /></div><div>There have been many such changes including the introduction of devolved government (e.g. Scotland Act 1998), changing the composition of the House of Lords (House of Lords Act 1999), requiring fixed-term parliaments (Fixed-Term Parliaments Act 2011). The latter Act was repealed by the Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022.</div><div><br /></div><div>The present system offers the advantage of flexibility enabling, if necessary, rapid response to altered circumstances. Nevertheless, changes may be unwanted by a majority of the people and any constitutional institution, rule of law, or other arrangement is at the mercy of Parliament. There is nothing that is legally "entrenched" so as to place change beyond ordinary legislation.</div><div><br /></div><div>Reform continues to be on the radar of the various
political parties but, so far, proposals have fallen short of commitment to a formal written, or
codified, constitution for the UK even though recent events,
particularly in connection with Brexit, have again raised the question of
whether such a constitution would be desirable.</div><div>
<br />
It is now 27 years since Lord Scarman called for a written constitution - <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/scarman-argues-for-a-bill-of-rights-to-protect-democracy-1534489.html">The Independent 21 July 1992.</a> He said - 'The rights of the people lack the protection of law against oppression,
tyranny and injustice if threatened by a prejudiced or frightened
political party in control of the Commons. The risk is real: and our
constitutional insurance is weak, limited and very fragile.'<br />
<br />
That
view still has resonance today even though the <a href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/42/contents">Human Rights Act 1998</a>
was subsequently enacted to require public bodies to apply the <a href="https://www.echr.coe.int/Pages/home.aspx?p=basictexts&c=">European Convention on Human Rights</a>. 24 years after its enactment (and 22 years after it came into force), the future of the Act cannot
be said to be a settled issue in British politics. </div><div><br /></div><div>The 6 years since
the EU referendum have also revealed crucial problems with the present
constitutional arrangements and, in particular, the relationship between
Parliament, the Executive, and the Courts.<br />
<br /><span style="color: red;"><i><b>Background:</b></i></span><br />
<br />
In September 2019, the <a href="https://www.supremecourt.uk/">Supreme Court</a>, sitting with 11 Justices, decided <a href="https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2019/41.html">Cherry / Miller 2</a>
[2019] UKSC 41. A single, unanimous, judgment was handed down by the
court's President - Lady Hale of Richmond - in which it was held that
the purported prorogation of Parliament for a period of approximately 5
weeks was unlawful and that Parliament had not been prorogued. Sittings resumed on 25 September 2019 (<a href="https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2019-09-25">Hansard</a>).<br />
<br />
The legal authority to prorogue (or dissolve) Parliament rests with the
Crown. It is a "Royal Prerogative" power which, in modern constitutional
practice, is exercised by the Monarch on the advice of the Prime
Minister and, by convention, such advice is accepted. (It may be that, perhaps in extreme circumstances, a Monarch could refuse but that possibility is debatable and is not discussed further here). </div><div><br /></div><div>The
Prime Minister (Boris Johnson) decided that he wanted a prorogation. A Privy Council
meeting was duly held at Balmoral and an Order in Council to prorogue
Parliament was issued. Prior to Cherry / Miller 2, it was thought, on the basis of dicta by Lord Roskill in the <a href="https://www.bailii.org/cgi-bin/format.cgi?doc=/uk/cases/UKHL/1984/9.html&query=(%22GCHQ%22)">GCHQ case</a>,
that the exercise of the power to prorogue Parliament was
non-justiciable. Nevertheless, it was remarkable that the Prime
Minister, the <a href="https://privycouncil.independent.gov.uk/">Privy Council</a>
and much legal opinion considered it to be entirely lawful to close down for a lengthy period the one institution which represents the people (House of Commons) and is able to hold Ministers to
account. <br />
<br />
Another remarkable fact is that the Cherry /
Miller litigation was a judicial review brought by individuals even though Parliament was the body directly affected.
Judicial review is an expensive and difficult process and considerable "crowdfunding" was required to finance the action. It
would not have been possible to bring the case without such determined
individuals and funding.<br />
<br />
The Cherry / Miller case is a
good example of the type of difficult legal question which can arise
under the United Kingdom's constitutional arrangements. The earlier
Supreme Court judgment in <a href="https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2017/5.html">Miller / Dos Santos</a>
[2017] UKSC 5 provides another example. </div><div><br /></div><div>The question was whether the
Prime Minister could, under Royal prerogative treaty-making powers, give
notice (as required by Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union) that the UK
had decided to leave the EU. The Supreme Court held (by a majority of 8 to 3) that an Act of
Parliament was required to authorise the notice. That was because the
legal rights of citizens would be affected by withdrawal from the EU.
(Many lawyers, politicians, and three Supreme Court Justices held the view that the government had the
power to give the notice and that an Act of Parliament was not
required).<br />
<br />
Constitutional questions do not arise solely
in connection with matters of high policy such as Brexit. In 2017, the
Supreme Court decided the <a href="https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2017/51.html">UNISON case</a>
[2017] UKSC 51. The case concerned the Employment Appeal
Tribunal Fees Order 2013 which imposed fees in respect of proceedings in
employment tribunals. In the Supreme Court it was recognised that the
right of
access to justice was not an idea recently imported from the continent
of
Europe but had for a long time been "deeply embedded in our
constitutional law" - Lord Reed at para 64. The Fees Order was held to
be unlawful under both domestic and EU law because it had the effect of
preventing
access to justice. Since it had that effect as soon as it was made, it
was
therefore unlawful ab initio, and had to be quashed - <a href="https://obiterj.blogspot.com/2017/07/employment-tribunal-fees-ruled-unlawful.html#more">Law and Lawyers post 27 July 2017</a>. <br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;"><i><b>The uncodified constitution:</b></i></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
In Cherry / Miller 2, Lady Hale of Richmond PSC said - (at para 39) - "Although the United Kingdom does not have a
single document entitled “The Constitution”, it nevertheless possesses a
constitution, established over the course of our history by common law,
statutes, conventions and practice."</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal">On the basis of such high authority, that is the generally accepted view of the legal profession even though it may be thought preferable to refer to "constitutional arrangements" rather than "the constitution."</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This accretion of common law, statutes, conventions and practices is the subject-matter of the <a href="https://global.oup.com/ukhe/disciplines/law/constitutional-and-administrative-law/?cc=gb&lang=en&">Constitutional Law textbooks</a> but, for the majority of citizens, the arrangements are shrouded in mystery. It is unsatisfactory that important constitutional matters are not entirely easy to explain to non-lawyers. There are areas of considerable difficulty and uncertainty requiring the intervention of "experts" who, when setting out their views on some important matter, appear like the High Priests of some ancient religion explaining arcane rituals. <br />
<br />
The
question must therefore be asked - "Should the United Kingdom adopt a
written (or codified) constitution?" A written or codified constitution
would be one that is found in a readily accessible document - e.g. <a href="https://www.gov.ie/en/publication/d5bd8c-constitution-of-ireland/">Constitution of the Republic of Ireland</a>.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal">There are significant obstacles in the way of such a major reform but formal constitutions have been adopted in other nations - for example, Ireland. Matters to be addressed include:</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal">1. How to prepare the constitution - who will prepare the document, what will be in it, what will be left out.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal">2. How will it be adopted - ordinary legislation would leave the constitution at the mercy of the latest set of politicians to hold power at Westminster.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal">3. How would it be changed - because, from time-to-time, change will be necessary.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal">4. How would it be interpreted - the judiciary thereby assuming a more powerful role.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal">Formal constitutions can be very lengthy if they attempt to deal with every possible eventuality. Alternatively, they may be written in broad terms leaving much to be interpreted by the judiciary and implemented by politicians.<br />
<br />
Needless
to say, there is already a massive amount of literature on this
subject and the following links are just a selection but they
set the scene and present some of the arguments each way.</div>
<br />
<span style="color: red;"><i><b>Recent links:</b></i></span><br />
<br />
Policy Exchange 28 December 2019 Professor Richard Ekins - <a href="https://policyexchange.org.uk/publication/protecting-the-constitution/">Protecting the Constitution</a><br />
<br />Rightsinfo - 24 September 2019 - <a href="https://rightsinfo.org/constitution-written-5-reflections-human-rights/">Brexit: Does the Supreme Court Ruling Mean It's Time for a Written Constitution?</a><br />
<br />Prospect Magazine 2 April 2019 - <a href="https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/does-britain-need-constitution-debate-sionaidh-douglas-scott-adam-tomkins">Does Britain need a proper constitution?</a><br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;"><i><b>Older links:</b></i></span><br />
<br />
Institute for Government - December 2016 - <a href="https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/blog/do-we-need-written-constitution-youre-asking-wrong-question">Do we need a written constitution? You're asking the wrong question.</a><br />
<br />
UCL Constitution Unit 19 March 2015 - <a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/constitution-unit/sites/constitution-unit/files/162.pdf">To codify or not to codify</a> (pdf 48 pages) and <a href="https://constitution-unit.com/2015/03/19/codification-of-the-uk-constitution-is-not-essential/">Codification of the UK Constitution is not essential</a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The
House of Commons Political and Constitutional Reform Committee (PCRC)
looked at the pros and cons of a codified constitution. The Committee
was in operation during the 2010-15 Coalition government and was
replaced in 2015 by the <a href="https://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/commons-select/public-administration-and-constitutional-affairs-committee/">Public Administration and Constitutional Affairs Committee</a>. From a reform viewpoint, the removal of the PCRC is a matter of some regret - see <a href="http://www.democraticaudit.com/2015/05/26/the-abolition-of-the-political-and-constitutional-reform-committee-is-a-loss-to-parliament-and-british-democracy/">Democratic Audit 26 May 2015</a>.<br />
<br />
In
2014, the PCRC issued a report setting out the arguments for and
against a written constitution but stated that it was "deliberately not
supporting a position for or
against a codified constitution, believing it is for the British people
ultimately to decide that question."<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmselect/cmpolcon/463/46302.htm">2nd
Report - A new Magna Carta?</a> | <a href="http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmselect/cmpolcon/463/463.pdf" target="_blank">PDF version<i><span face=""calibri" , "sans-serif"" style="color: blue; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 2nd Report -
A new Magna Carta?</span></i> (<span style="color: blue; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="pdf" border="0" height="14" src="file:///C:\Users\Peter\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="14" /></span> PDF )<span color="windowtext" style="text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-field-code: " HYPERLINK \0022http\:\/\/www\.publications\.parliament\.uk\/pa\/cm201415\/cmselect\/cmpolcon\/463\/463\.pdf\0022 \\t \0022_blank\0022 ";"><span style="color: blue; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="Opens in a new window" border="0" height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\Peter\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.gif" width="14" /></span></span></span></span></a><span class="committeepubitems">HC 463 | </span><i><span face=""calibri" , "sans-serif"" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Published
10 July 2014</span></i><span class="committeepubitems"> |</span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
See also March 2015 - PCRC "The United Kingdom Constitution" (pdf) - <br />
<a href="https://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-committees/political-and-constitutional-reform/The-UK-Constitution.pdf">https://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-committees/political-and-constitutional-reform/The-UK-Constitution.pdf</a><br />
<br /></div>
Institute for Public Policy Research - <a href="https://www.ippr.org/research/publications/the-constitution-of-the-uk">The Constitution of the UK</a> - 1991<cite></cite><br />
<br />
</div>ObiterJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04544226917595022902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20953316.post-29459153939917985342020-01-23T15:41:00.006+00:002022-07-23T07:41:11.110+01:00Gambia v Myanmar (2) - International Court of Justice<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiMynOyqU7ZDXsHSeZJN3uPSLUpIl6KGmDKOx3UCutpMVU4ye5ZPJ3YnmQvnyAazfhZtwLjzGD0shpptNLUq9SecSKkcHlIGwkEMkn6f-wbL7ckkvnvs7qr8x0ZInjZUoWt4YmFQ/s1600/ICJ.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="184" data-original-width="273" height="134" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiMynOyqU7ZDXsHSeZJN3uPSLUpIl6KGmDKOx3UCutpMVU4ye5ZPJ3YnmQvnyAazfhZtwLjzGD0shpptNLUq9SecSKkcHlIGwkEMkn6f-wbL7ckkvnvs7qr8x0ZInjZUoWt4YmFQ/s200/ICJ.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
The <a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/en">International Court of Justice</a>, in a unanimous decision, has applied "provisional measures" in the case of Gambia v Myanmar.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://watchingthelaw.blogspot.com/2019/12/gambia-v-myanmar-1-international-court.html">Previous post 12 December 2019</a> and s<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">ee the court's Press Release</span></span><br />
<h6>
</h6>
<h5 style="text-align: justify;">
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<![endif]--><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">and</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/178/178-20200123-ORD-01-00-EN.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;"> Order of 23 January 2020 </span></a></span></u></span></span><br />
<h5>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/178/178-20200123-ORD-01-00-EN.pdf" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Request for the indication of
provisional measures </span></a></span></u></span></span></h5>
<h6>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/178"><span style="color: blue;">Application of the Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (The Gambia v. Myanmar) </span></a></span></u></span></span></h6>
<span style="color: red;"><i><b>Media comment:</b></i></span><br />
<br />
The Guardian 25 January 2020 - Francis Wade - <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/jan/24/rohingya-legal-protection-icj-ruling-myanmar">The persecuted Rohingya now have legal protection, but will it amount to anything?</a><br />
<br />
<div class="content__header tonal__header">
<b><i><span style="color: red;">Update 22 July 2022:</span></i></b></div><div class="content__header tonal__header"><br /></div><div class="content__header tonal__header"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jul/22/genocide-case-against-myanmar-over-rohingya-atrocities-cleared-to-proceed">Genocide case against Myanmar over Rohingya atrocities cleared to proceed | Rohingya | The Guardian</a></div><div class="content__header tonal__header"><br /></div><div class="content__header tonal__header">and see the ICJ press release <a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/178/178-20220722-PRE-01-00-EN.pdf">Press release 2022/24 (icj-cij.org)</a> and the court's judgment - <a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/178/178-20220722-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf">Judgment of 22 July 2022 (icj-cij.org)</a></div><div class="content__header tonal__header"><br /></div>
ObiterJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04544226917595022902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20953316.post-60421660406024833112019-12-12T17:52:00.001+00:002019-12-16T09:37:47.910+00:00Gambia v Myanmar (1) - International Court of Justice<div class="MsoNormal">
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<span style="color: red;"><i><b>The International Court of Justice (ICJ):</b></i></span><br />
<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiO6ve5Y0JA05zzMOktwrML7TuZTv71_lil-0VHva09KpGVssKZVbTYBh17ofhuB56tTVE6FKDs4VBY7eQVegGN_nxfet0hU4IjnckBaYQ7pPa7nz3_MVIOMlZgHcGxIREyCsjXQ/s1600/ICJ+101219.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1065" data-original-width="1600" height="132" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiO6ve5Y0JA05zzMOktwrML7TuZTv71_lil-0VHva09KpGVssKZVbTYBh17ofhuB56tTVE6FKDs4VBY7eQVegGN_nxfet0hU4IjnckBaYQ7pPa7nz3_MVIOMlZgHcGxIREyCsjXQ/s200/ICJ+101219.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">ICJ - 10 December 2019</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: red;"></span>The ICJ exists by virtue of <a href="https://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-xiv/index.html">Chapter XIV of the United Nations Charter</a>.<br />
<br />
Article 92 of the Charter states - "The International Court of Justice shall be the principal judicial organ
of the United Nations. It shall function in accordance with the <a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/en/statute">annexed Statute</a>, which ..... forms an integral part of the present Charter. The Statute sets out the Organization of the Court (Chapter I), the Competence of the Court (Chapter II), Procedure (Chapter III), Advisory Opinions (Chapter IV) and, finally, Chapter V sets down the process for amending the Statute.<br />
<br />
The Statute <br />
<a name='more'></a>- at Chapter III Article 41, states - "<br />
<h5 align="center">
<b>Article 41</b></h5>
1. The Court shall have the power to indicate, if it considers that
circumstances so require, any provisional measures which ought to be
taken to preserve the respective rights of either party.<br />
<br />
2. Pending the final decision, notice of the measures suggested shall
forthwith be given to the parties and to the Security Council.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;"><i><b>Gambia v Myanmar:</b></i></span><br />
<br />
The case of <a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/178">Gambia v Myanmar</a> commenced on 11 November 2019 and was brought by the Republic of The Gambia against the Republic of the Union of Myanmar. The application to the court includes a request for "provisional measures" under Article 41. Such an application is heard as a matter of urgency and takes priority over other business.<br />
<br />
<h4 class="docket">
<a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/178/178-20191111-APP-01-00-EN.pdf" target="_blank">Application instituting proceedings and Request for the indication of provisional measures </a></h4>
<h4 class="docket">
</h4>
The application (para 2) sets out the allegations against Myanmar -</div>
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<br /></div>
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"This Application concerns acts adopted, taken and condoned by the Government of Myanmar against members of the Rohingya group, a distinct ethnic, racial and religious group that resides primarily in Myanmar’s Rakhine State. These acts, which include killing, causing serious bodily and mental harm, inflicting conditions that are calculated to bring about physical destruction, imposing measures to prevent births, and forcible transfers, are genocidal in character because they are intended to destroy the Rohingya group in whole or in part. They have been perpetrated in manifest violation of the <a href="https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/genocide-convention.shtml">1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide</a> (the “Genocide Convention”). These acts are all attributable to Myanmar, which is thus responsible for committing genocide. Myanmar has also violated other fundamental obligations under the Genocide Convention, including by attempting to commit genocide; conspiring to commit genocide; inciting genocide; complicity in genocide; and failing to prevent and punish genocide." [Link to Convention added].</div>
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<br />
The hearings on 10 to 12 December concerned the application for provisional measures and may be viewed <a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/en/multimedia/5de79a721e1ac927e3c2eb56">via the court's website</a>.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;"><i><b>International Criminal Court (ICC):</b></i></span><br />
<br />
On 14 November 2019, Pre-Trial Chamber III
<a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/record.aspx?docNo=ICC-01/19-27"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">authorised</span></a>
the Prosecutor to proceed with an investigation for the alleged crimes
within the ICC's jurisdiction in the Situation in the People's Republic
of Bangladesh/Republic of the Union of Myanmar.<br />
<br />
This authorisation followed the
<a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr1465"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">request</span></a>
to open an investigation submitted on 4 July 2019 by the Prosecutor.
The Chamber also received the views on this request by or on behalf of
hundreds of thousands of alleged victims.<br />
<br />
See <a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/bangladesh-myanmar">ICC website Bangladesh / Myanmar</a><br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;"><i><b>Links:</b></i></span><br />
<br />
UN Human Rights Council - <a href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/hrbodies/hrc/myanmarffm/pages/index.aspx">Independent International Fact-finding mission on Myanmar</a></div>
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UN Human Rights Council - <a href="https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/IIMM/Pages/Index.aspx">Independent Investigative Mechanism for Myanmar</a><br />
<br />
Amnesty International -<a href="https://mapping-crimes-against-rohingya.amnesty.org/"> Mapping Myanmar's Atrocities Against Rohingya</a></div>
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<h1>
</h1>
Opinio Juris -<br />
<ul>
<li class="clearfix"><div class="latest_post_two_inner">
<div class="latest_post_two_text">
<h5 class="latest_post_two_title entry_title" itemprop="name">
<a href="http://opiniojuris.org/2019/12/12/the-gambia-v-myanmar-day-2-of-the-provisional-measures-hearing-at-the-international-court-of-justice/" itemprop="url">The Gambia v Myanmar: Day 2 of the Provisional Measures hearing at the International Court of Justice</a></h5>
</div>
<div class="latest_post_two_info">
<div class="latest_post_two_info_inner">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="clearfix"><div class="latest_post_two_inner">
<div class="latest_post_two_text">
<h5 class="latest_post_two_title entry_title" itemprop="name">
<a href="http://opiniojuris.org/2019/12/11/the-gambia-v-myanmar-day-1-of-the-provisional-measures-hearings-at-the-international-court-of-justice/" itemprop="url">The Gambia v Myanmar: Day 1 of the Provisional Measures Hearings at the International Court of Justice</a></h5>
</div>
<div class="latest_post_two_info">
<div class="latest_post_two_info_inner">
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<u><b>12 December 2019</b></u></div>
</div>
ObiterJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04544226917595022902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20953316.post-60058898073641596052019-03-21T11:02:00.000+00:002019-03-21T11:02:06.370+00:00Radovan KARADŽIĆ - appeal<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjETxItVlBjZAlFLNdrzlpNuQS8E9mNHPn08WHR9WDB2SMQRn80VOIp74On78DAPlb18ZrW69Zl1m6JrywXxnIfVYAEGfJBBAGvctOx8DjCMZZBC72hzSLkzOI4i1ei-4s4CMjIWQ/s1600/Srenrenica.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="183" data-original-width="275" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjETxItVlBjZAlFLNdrzlpNuQS8E9mNHPn08WHR9WDB2SMQRn80VOIp74On78DAPlb18ZrW69Zl1m6JrywXxnIfVYAEGfJBBAGvctOx8DjCMZZBC72hzSLkzOI4i1ei-4s4CMjIWQ/s200/Srenrenica.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Srebrenica</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="panel-pane pane-entity-field pane-node-field-case-information-summary">
<div class="pane-content">
<div class="field field-name-field-case-information-summary field-type-text-long field-label-hidden">
<div class="field-items">
<div class="field-item even">
On
12 May 1992, Radovan Karadžić was elected as the President of the
Presidency of the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.<br />
<br />
From 17
December 1992, he was the sole President of Republika Srpska and the
Supreme Commander of the armed forces of Republika Srpska.<br />
<br />
He was sentenced by an ICTY Trial Chamber to 40 years' imprisonment on 24 March 2016.<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
On 22 July 2016, both parties filed their notices of appeal.<br />
<br />
The appeal hearing in the case took place on 23 and 24 April 2018 at the United Nations <a href="http://www.irmct.org/en/about">International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals</a> sitting in The Hague.<br />
<br />
On 20th of March 2019, The
Appeals Chamber, Judges de Prada and Rosa dissenting, set aside the
sentence of 40 years of imprisonment and imposed on Mr. Karadžić a
sentence of life imprisonment.</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br />
Further details at <a href="http://www.irmct.org/en/cases/mict-13-55">IRMCT Radovan Karadžić </a><br />
<br />
RadioFreeEurope - <a href="https://www.rferl.org/a/survivors-await-hague-court-karadzic-bosnia-herzegovina-serbia/29831363.html">UN Court rejects Karadžić's appeal against Genocide, War Crimes convictions</a>.<br />
<br /><span style="color: red;"><i><b>Previous posts:</b></i></span><br />
<br />
<h3>
<a href="https://watchingthelaw.blogspot.com/2016/08/icty-radovan-karadzic-and-slobodan.html">ICTY - Radovan Karadžić and Slobodan Milošević</a></h3>
<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
<a href="https://watchingthelaw.blogspot.com/2016/03/international-criminal-tribunal-for.html">International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia - conviction ofRadovan Karadžić</a></h3>
<h3>
</h3>
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</div>
<h3>
<a href="https://watchingthelaw.blogspot.com/2011/06/srebrenica.html">Srebrenica</a></h3>
<h3>
</h3>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: red;"><i><b>Note:</b></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
("Mechanism") is mandated to perform a number of essential functions
previously carried out by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
(“ICTR”) and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former
Yugoslavia (“ICTY”). In carrying out these essential functions the
Mechanism maintains the legacies of these two pioneering <i>ad hoc</i> international criminal courts and strives to reflect best practices in the field of international criminal justice.</div>
<br />
The United Nations Security Council created the Mechanism on 22
December 2010 as a “small, temporary and efficient structure”. The
Mechanism started operating on 1 July 2012 in Arusha, United Republic of
Tanzania, and on 1 July 2013 in The Hague, the Netherlands. The Arusha
branch inherited functions from the ICTR, and the Hague branch from the
ICTY.<br />
<br />
During the initial years of the Mechanism’s existence, it operated in
parallel with the ICTR and the ICTY. Following the closure of the ICTR
(on 31 December 2015) and the ICTY (on 31 December 2017), the Mechanism
continued to operate as a stand-alone institution. <br />
<br />
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<br /></div>
ObiterJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04544226917595022902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20953316.post-46073390874868972502019-02-26T10:17:00.006+00:002022-08-29T10:10:44.083+01:00Chagos<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR2m6EaPNjQE2aUcnghz6jaIWdpqSVvfz-XIZo92vY6tyvxCUO-EtbtMDJsr3ehXPHVbJDIQ8jFfK-Y3EEhuhyphenhyphenWoA2m_X9wJHiMkAzVJUgaKCqxbb1-sd70YhMgFkq8sTc_jbuHw/s1600/ICJ.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="184" data-original-width="273" height="134" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR2m6EaPNjQE2aUcnghz6jaIWdpqSVvfz-XIZo92vY6tyvxCUO-EtbtMDJsr3ehXPHVbJDIQ8jFfK-Y3EEhuhyphenhyphenWoA2m_X9wJHiMkAzVJUgaKCqxbb1-sd70YhMgFkq8sTc_jbuHw/s200/ICJ.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
The International Court of Justice has handed down an Advisory Opinion concerning the Chagos Islands - where the important military base Diego Garcia is located. The ICJ found that the process of decolonialisation of Mauritius was not lawfully completed when the country acceded to independence and that the UK is under an obligation to bring to an end its administrattion of the Chagos Archipelago as rapidly as possible.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/25/un-court-rejects-uk-claim-to-sovereignty-over-chagos-islands">The Guardian 25 February 2019</a>.<br />
<h5>
<a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/169/169-20190225-01-00-EN.pdf" target="_blank">
<h5>
<b>
<span style="font-size: small;">Advisory Opinion of 25 February 2019
</span></b><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></h5>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><h5>
</h5>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></a><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/169"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span><h6>
<span style="font-size: small;">
Legal Consequences of the Separation of the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius in 1965 (Request for Advisory Opinion) </span></h6>
</a></h5>
<h4 class="docket">
<a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/169/169-20190225-PRE-01-00-EN.pdf" target="_blank">
Press release No. 2019/9</a><span style="color: red;"><i><b> </b></i></span></h4>
<h4 class="docket">
<span style="color: red;"><i><b> </b></i></span></h4>
<h4 class="docket">
<span style="color: red;"><i><b>The Court's Opinion:</b></i></span></h4>
<a name='more'></a><br />
(1) Unanimously, <br />
Finds that it has jurisdiction to give the advisory opinion requested;<br />
<br />
(2) By twelve votes to two,<br />
<br />
Decides to comply with the request for an advisory opinion;<br />
<br />
IN FAVOUR: President Yusuf; Vice-President Xue; Judges Abraham, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Gaja, Sebutinde, Bhandari, Robinson, Gevorgian, Salam, Iwasawa; <br />
AGAINST: Judges Tomka, Donoghue;<br />
<br />
(3) By thirteen votes to one,<br />
<br />
Is of the opinion that, having regard to international law, the process of decolonization of Mauritius was not lawfully completed when that country acceded to independence in 1968, following the separation of the Chagos Archipelago;<br />
<br />
IN FAVOUR: President Yusuf; Vice-President Xue; Judges Tomka, Abraham, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Gaja, Sebutinde, Bhandari, Robinson, Gevorgian, Salam, Iwasawa; <br />
AGAINST: Judge Donoghue;<br />
<br />
(4) By thirteen votes to one,<br />
<br />
Is of the opinion that the United Kingdom is under an obligation to bring to an end its administration of the Chagos Archipelago as rapidly as possible;<br />
<br />
IN FAVOUR: President Yusuf; Vice-President Xue; Judges Tomka, Abraham, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Gaja, Sebutinde, Bhandari, Robinson, Gevorgian, Salam, Iwasawa; <br />
AGAINST: Judge Donoghue;<br />
<br />
(5) By thirteen votes to one,<br />
<br />
Is of the opinion that all Member States are under an obligation to co-operate with the United Nations in order to complete the decolonization of Mauritius<br />
. <br />
IN FAVOUR: President Yusuf; Vice-President Xue; Judges Tomka, Abraham, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Gaja, Sebutinde, Bhandari, Robinson, Gevorgian, Salam, Iwasawa; <br />
AGAINST: Judge Donoghue<br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;"><i><b>Advisory Opinions:</b></i></span><br />
<br />
In addition to having the capacity to decide disputes between States, the ICJ may give advisory opinions - see Article 65 of the <a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/en/statute">court's statute</a> and <a href="https://www.icj-cij.org/en/charter-of-the-united-nations">Article 96 </a>UN Charter.<br />
<br />
An Advisory Opinion provides advice to the organ requesting as to the legal issues comprised in the question asked.<div><br /></div><div><b><i><span style="color: red;">UN General Assembly:</span></i></b></div><div><br /></div><div>UNGA Resolution 73/295 of 22 May 2019 - <a href="https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N19/151/29/PDF/N1915129.pdf?OpenElement">N1915129.pdf (un.org)</a> - Advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the legal
consequences of the separation of the Chagos Archipelago from
Mauritius in 1965</div><div>
<br /><span style="color: red;"><i><b>Litigation concerning Chagos Islands in the UK courts:</b></i></span><br />
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<![endif]-->High Court 8 February 2019 - <a href="https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Admin/2019/221.html">R (Horeau and Bancoult) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs</a> [2019] EWHC 221 (Admin) - Singh LJ and Carr J.<br />
<br />
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<![endif]-->House of Lords<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.bailii.org/cgi-bin/format.cgi?doc=/uk/cases/UKHL/2008/61.html&query=(Chagos)+AND+(Bancoult)">Bancoult, R (On The Application of) v Secretary of State For Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2008] UKHL 61 (22 October 2008)</a>
<i>(<a href="https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2008/61.html">View without highlighting</a>)</i><br />
<br />
UK Supreme Court <i><br /></i><br />
<ol start="1">
<li>
<a href="https://www.bailii.org/cgi-bin/format.cgi?doc=/uk/cases/UKSC/2016/35.html&query=(Chagos)+AND+(Bancoult)">Bancoult,
R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Foreign and
Commonwealth Affairs (No 2) [2016] UKSC 35 (29 June 2016)</a>
<i>(<a href="https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2016/35.html">View without highlighting</a>) and <a href="https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/uksc-2015-0021.html">see UKSC website</a></i><br />
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://www.bailii.org/cgi-bin/format.cgi?doc=/uk/cases/UKSC/2018/3.html&query=(Chagos)+AND+(Bancoult)">Bancoult,
R (on the application of) (No 3) v Secretary of State for Foreign and
Commonwealth Affairs (Respondent)[2018] UKSC 3 (8 February 2018)</a>
<i>(<a href="https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2018/3.html">View without highlighting</a>) and <a href="https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/uksc-2015-0022.html">see UKSC website</a> </i> </li>
</ol><div><span style="color: red;"><i><b>Reading:</b></i></span><br /><br />UK Human Rights blog 4 March 2019 - <a href="https://ukhumanrightsblog.com/2019/03/04/now-a-win-for-the-chagossians/">Now, a win for the Chagossians</a></div><div><br /></div><div>"The Last Colony - A tale of Exile, Justice and Britain's Colonial Legacy" - Philippe Sands, Weidenfeld and Nicolson 2022</div>
</div>ObiterJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04544226917595022902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20953316.post-67499517110100422362019-02-12T17:34:00.003+00:002019-02-14T09:53:04.638+00:00International Criminal Court<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtCDEpPEQ-MhQn3KEuXFEhSvS1TXH1OWriL76-3NyvEFo-GzEzkZ8OtPvnY-eiioSAQj4Hc5VFIVa1snDbNstyuFFxHboXR6rDJGCx4znpTim7zhsva3pR_2fkfNgYTAgL3DbuaA/s1600/ICC.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="198" data-original-width="256" height="153" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtCDEpPEQ-MhQn3KEuXFEhSvS1TXH1OWriL76-3NyvEFo-GzEzkZ8OtPvnY-eiioSAQj4Hc5VFIVa1snDbNstyuFFxHboXR6rDJGCx4znpTim7zhsva3pR_2fkfNgYTAgL3DbuaA/s200/ICC.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<br />
See the Open University presentations on the <a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/about">International Criminal Court</a>.<br />
<br />
Youtube -<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PR8qPyCrrsM">The Court - Inside the International Criminal Court (1/5)</a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jz7fOtThE6E">The Offices - Inside the International Criminal Court (2/5)</a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pDQepfY3igM">The Barristers - Inside the International Criminal Court (3/5)</a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QjD95gmn87c%20%205">Thomas Lubanga case study - Inside the International Criminal Court (4/5)</a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SBSP3GCLNQo">Saif al-Islam case study - Inside the International Criminal Court (5/5)</a><br />
<br />
also see<br />
<br />
BBC 3 October 2018 - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxfHYjg6MOU">Why is the International Criminal Court under attack?</a><br />
<br />
Monash University 30 November 2017 - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiEYML7etPo">Does the International Criminal Court have an impossible mission?</a><br />
<br />
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<span style="color: red;"><i><b>Note:</b></i></span><br />
<br />
Thomas Lubanga was the first individual to be convicted by the ICC. Thomas Lubanga <a class="u-underline" data-link-name="in body link" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/mar/14/congo-thomas-lubanga-child-soldiers" title="">was found guilty in March 2012 </a>of
abducting boys and girls under the age of 15 and forcing them to fight
in the Democratic Republic of the Congo's eastern Ituri region in
2002-2003.<br />
<br />
Saif al-Islam (also known as Saif al-Islam Gaddafi) - <a href="https://www.icc-cpi.int/libya/gaddafi">see the case history</a> </div>
<br />ObiterJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04544226917595022902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20953316.post-89240715670253509712018-03-14T07:38:00.001+00:002019-02-12T17:02:03.146+00:00A note on the Chemical Weapons Convention<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4GtuB5pc7gWyEXr2-AdX5FNBQRfm0Jq87UBcVX0us0fZWVUSOFygNU77cHiVizU8d3qKTD-i2kfhmCn3icR44CkREANlx_ufFlHpR7uvOUmJ_vF2LQEFYdI73Bvv2b7VtQAq7UQ/s1600/CWC+weapons.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1394" data-original-width="1200" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4GtuB5pc7gWyEXr2-AdX5FNBQRfm0Jq87UBcVX0us0fZWVUSOFygNU77cHiVizU8d3qKTD-i2kfhmCn3icR44CkREANlx_ufFlHpR7uvOUmJ_vF2LQEFYdI73Bvv2b7VtQAq7UQ/s200/CWC+weapons.jpg" width="171" /></a></div>
On 4th March 2018, a "nerve agent" - referred to as "Novichok" (newcomer) - was used in Salisbury, England - <a href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/novichok-russian-nerve-agent-used-attack-ex-spy-sergei-skripal-great-britain/">CBS News 13th March 2018</a>. The UK Prime Minister - Mrs Theresa May - stated that it was "highly likely" that Russia was responsible for this - see her <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-commons-statement-on-salisbury-incident-12-march-2018">Statement of Monday 12th March</a> to Parliament. <br />
<br />
In this <a href="http://watchingthelaw.blogspot.co.uk/2013/08/syria-chemical-weapons.html">post of 23rd August 2013</a>, chemical weaponry was discussed in connection with the conflict in Syria.<br />
<br />
The <a href="https://www.opcw.org/chemical-weapons-convention/">Chemical Weapons Convention</a> lies at the heart of the position in international law regarding chemical weaponry.<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
The Convention aims to eliminate an entire category of weapons of mass
destruction by prohibiting the development, production, acquisition,
stockpiling, retention, transfer or use of chemical weapons by <a href="https://www.opcw.org/about-opcw/member-states/" title="List of OPCW Member States">States Parties</a>.
States Parties, in turn, must take the steps necessary to enforce that
prohibition in respect of persons (natural or legal) within their
jurisdiction. <br />
<br />
All States Parties have agreed to chemically
disarm by destroying any stockpiles of chemical weapons they may hold
and any facilities which produced them, as well as any chemical weapons
they abandoned on the territory of other States Parties in the past.
States Parties have also agreed to create a verification regime for
certain toxic chemicals and their precursors (listed in Schedules 1, 2
and 3 in the <a href="https://www.opcw.org/chemical-weapons-convention/annexes/annex-on-chemicals/" title="Overview of the Annex on Chemicals of the Convention">Annex on Chemicals</a> to the CWC) in order to ensure that such chemicals are only used for purposes not prohibited. <br />
<br />
A
unique feature of the CWC is its incorporation of the 'challenge
inspection', whereby any State Party in doubt about another State
Party's compliance can request the <a href="https://www.opcw.org/about-opcw/technical-secretariat/director-general/" title="Biography, duties and statements of the Director-General">Director-General</a>
to send an inspection team. Under the CWC's 'challenge inspection'
procedure, States Parties have committed themselves to the principle of
'any time, anywhere' inspections with no right of refusal.<br />
<br />
The Convention has 24 Articles - <a href="https://www.opcw.org/chemical-weapons-convention/articles/">HERE</a>. <a href="https://www.opcw.org/chemical-weapons-convention/articles/article-viii-the-organization/">Article VIII</a> establishes the <a href="https://www.opcw.org/about-opcw/mission/">Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a> (OPCW).<br />
<br />
The Convention (<a href="https://www.opcw.org/chemical-weapons-convention/articles/article-i-general-obligations/">Article I</a>) expressly bans the use of chemical weapons.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.opcw.org/chemical-weapons-convention/articles/article-vii-national-implementation-measures/">Article VII </a>requires State Parties to implement the convention in national law. This was done by the UK with the enactment of the <a href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1996/6/contents">Chemical Weapons Act 1996</a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.opcw.org/chemical-weapons-convention/articles/article-ix-consultations-cooperation-and-fact-finding/">Article IX.2</a> - "Without prejudice to the right of any State Party to request
a challenge inspection, States Parties should, whenever possible, first make
every effort to clarify and resolve, through exchange of information and
consultations among themselves, any matter which may cause doubt about
compliance with this Convention ....." <br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.opcw.org/chemical-weapons-convention/articles/article-xii-measures-to-redress-a-situation-and-to-ensure-compliance-including-sanctions/">Article XII</a> - sets out the Measures to Redress a Situation and to Ensure Compliance, including Sanctions.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;"><i><b>Links:</b></i></span><br />
<br />
OPCW 87th Executive Session - <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/organisation-for-the-prohibition-of-chemical-weapons-87th-executive-council-session-statement-on-the-salisbury-incident">Statement by Mr Peter Wilson, UK representative</a> <br />
<br />
UK Government - <a href="https://www.gov.uk/guidance/chemical-weapons-convention-guidance">Chemical Weapons Guidance</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1996/6/contents">Chemical Weapons Act 1996</a><br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;"><i><b>The position under customary international law:</b></i></span><br />
<br />
There is some authority that the use of <a href="http://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule74">chemical weaponry is unlawful </a>under customary international law.<br />
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<br />ObiterJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04544226917595022902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20953316.post-39889794817480582512017-12-03T08:04:00.002+00:002017-12-03T08:18:46.103+00:00ICTY Final Judgments - Prosecutor v Jadranko Prlić and others<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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The <a href="http://www.icty.org/">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> has delivered its final judgment prior to the Tribunal closing on 31st December.<br />
<br />
On 29th November, the Appeals Chamber pronounced its judgement in <i><a href="http://www.icty.org/en/press/the-icty-renders-its-final-judgement-in-the-prli%C4%87-et-al-appeal-case">Prosecutor v. Jadranko Prlić et a</a>l.</i>, in what was the Tribunal’s most voluminous appeal as well as its final case. Read the <a href="http://www.icty.org/en/press/the-icty-renders-its-final-judgement-in-the-prli%C4%87-et-al-appeal-case">Tribunal's announcement</a>.<br />
<br />
The Appeals Chamber affirmed <br />
<a name='more'></a>almost all of the Trial Chamber’s
convictions of Jadranko Prlić, Bruno Stojić, Slobodan Praljak,
Milivoj Petković, Valentin Ćorić, and Berislav Pušić with respect to
events occurring between 1992 and 1994 in eight municipalities and five
detention centres in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It also
affirmed the sentences imposed by the Trial Chamber, which sentenced
Prlić to 25 years’ imprisonment, Stojić, Praljak, and Petković to 20
years’ imprisonment each, Ćorić to 16 years’ imprisonment, and Pušić to
10 years’ imprisonment.<br />
<br />
See also the <a href="http://www.icty.org/en/press/statement-of-the-office-of-the-prosecutor-in-relation-to-the-judgement-in-the-case-prosecutor">Prosecutor' statement</a> <br />
<br />
Slobodan Praljak drank a liquid and subsequently died. An <a href="http://www.icty.org/en/press/icty-initiates-independent-expert-review-regarding-the-passing-of-slobodan-praljak">investigation into his death</a> has been commenced. See the <a href="http://www.icty.org/en/press/statement-on-passing-of-slobodan-praljak">ICTY statement</a> regarding Praljak.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;"><i><b>On going work .............. </b></i></span><br />
<br />
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A number of former Yugoslavia cases are now before the <a href="http://www.unmict.org/en">Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals </a>(MICT) established by <a href="http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/1966(2010)">Resolution 1966 (2010)</a>. These include the appeal by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87">Radovan<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> KARADŽIĆ</span></span></a><br />
<br />
MICT was established to carry out a number of essential functions of the International
Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the International Tribunal for the former
Yugoslavia.</div>
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In accordance with its mandate, the Mechanism has assumed
responsibility for<i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, inter alia</span></i>, the
enforcement of sentences, administrative review, assignment of cases, review
proceedings, appeal proceedings, contempt, requests for revocation of the
referral of cases to national jurisdictions, the variation of witness
protection measures, access to materials, disclosure, changes in classification
of documents and requests for compensation and assignment of counsel. The <a href="http://www.unmict.org/en/cases#ongoing-cases">Selected Ongoing Cases</a> are
only a few of the pending judicial proceedings, related to the above-mentioned
essential functions, currently before the Mechanism. For information about all
proceedings before the Mechanism, see <a href="http://www.unmict.org/en/cases#all-cases">All MICT Proceedings</a>.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.un.org/en/sc/documents/resolutions/">Security Council Resolutions</a></div>
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<![endif]-->ObiterJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04544226917595022902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20953316.post-67670293564568912092017-11-22T14:32:00.000+00:002017-12-03T08:16:24.440+00:00Mladić convicted at ICTY<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVN2JaN3ZEt8-cqz_0-nmVOzpWWbFM52QtiBDy1G_0K5DEkytEcpKRuebMGpI0EV6bGWw_hEvZMaLcK-NvwUoKBZ5Hk-IKFX_hemn0L7pznXkRagQ0cAi5O8CXILt65wFrGCzVuQ/s1600/ICTY+221117.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="561" height="113" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVN2JaN3ZEt8-cqz_0-nmVOzpWWbFM52QtiBDy1G_0K5DEkytEcpKRuebMGpI0EV6bGWw_hEvZMaLcK-NvwUoKBZ5Hk-IKFX_hemn0L7pznXkRagQ0cAi5O8CXILt65wFrGCzVuQ/s200/ICTY+221117.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/22/ratko-mladic-convicted-of-genocide-and-war-crimes-at-un-tribunal">The Guardian 22nd November 2017</a>.<br />
<br />
<a class="u-underline" data-component="auto-linked-tag" data-link-name="auto-linked-tag" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/ratko-mladic">Ratko Mladić</a>,
the former commander of the Bosnian Serb army, has been sentenced to
life imprisonment after being convicted of genocide, war crimes and
crimes against humanity by the <a href="http://www.icty.org/">International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia</a> (ICTY) at The Hague. <br />
<br />
The one-time fugitive from international justice faced 11 charges,
two of genocide, five of crimes against humanity and four of violations
of the laws or customs of war. He was cleared of one count of genocide,
but found guilty of all other charges. The separate counts related to
“ethnic cleansing” operations in Bosnia, sniping and shelling attacks on
besieged civilians in Sarajevo, the massacre of Muslim men and boys at
Srebrenica and taking UN personnel hostage in an attempt to deter Nato
airstrikes.<br />
<br />
Delivering the verdicts, Judge Alphons Orie said Mladić’s crimes
“rank among the most heinous known to humankind and include genocide and
extermination."<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<a href="http://www.icty.org/x/cases/mladic/cis/en/cis_mladic_en.pdf">Case Information Sheet</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.icty.org/en/press/tribunal-convicts-ratko-mladi%C4%87-for-genocide-war-crimes-and-crimes-against-humanity">Press release 22nd November 2017</a> <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.icty.org/x/cases/mladic/tjug/en/171122-summary-en.pdf">Summary of the Court's judgment </a><br />
<br />
In 2015 the ICTY remembered the events at Srebrenica in 1995. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BFzu68EZJfg">This video has some disturbing scenes</a>.<br />
<br />
The Guardian looked at the Mladić case - <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/nov/24/mladic-international-criminal-court-mugabe">Ratko Mladić was unlucky. These days most war criminals go free</a> - Jonathan Freedland.<br />
<br />
Also see The Guardian 22nd November - <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/nov/22/the-guardian-view-on-war-crimes-trials-justice-for-srebrenicas-victims">The Guardian view on war crimes trials: justice for Srebrenica's victims</a> <br />
<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<![endif]--><br />ObiterJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04544226917595022902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20953316.post-81974064151607143462017-11-21T09:54:00.004+00:002017-11-21T09:54:51.340+00:00International Court of Justice - UK loses seat<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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The <a href="http://www.icj-cij.org/en">International Court of Justice</a> (ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations - <a href="http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-xiv/index.html">UN Charter Chapter XIV</a>. The court operates according to its <a href="http://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/sicj/icj_statute_e.pdf">Statute</a> and Judges serve for 9 year terms and they may be re-elected by the United Nations. <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.icj-cij.org/files/members-of-the-court-biographies/greenwood_en.pdf">Judge Christopher Greenwood</a>
was elected to the court in November 2008 and was willing to be
re-elected. However, it became clear that he was not securing
sufficient support within the UN General Assembly and his candidacy was
withdrawn - <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/law/2017/nov/20/no-british-judge-on-world-court-for-first-time-in-its-71-year-history?CMP=share_btn_tw">The Guardian 20th November</a> and BBC 21st November - <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-42063664">How UK lost ICJ place to India</a><br />
<br />
The result <br />
<a name='more'></a>is that the Indian candidate - <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalveer_Bhandari">Dalveer Bhandari</a>
- is re-elected to the court. As The Guardian and other commentaries
have noted, this is the first time that the court has not had a member
from the United Kingdom.<br /><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.icj-cij.org/files/members-of-the-court-biographies/abraham_en.pdf">Ronny Abraham</a> of France, <a href="http://www.icj-cij.org/files/members-of-the-court-biographies/yusuf_en.pdf">Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf</a> of Somalia, <a href="http://www.icj-cij.org/files/members-of-the-court-biographies/cancado_en.pdf">Antonio Augusto Cancado Trindade</a> of Brazil and <a href="https://www.un.int/lebanon/staff/dr-nawaf-salam">Nawaf Salam</a> of Lebanon have been
elected to the bench along with Judge Bhandari.<br />
<br />
In
July 2017 the UN General Assembly asked the ICJ to give an Advisory
Opinion on the legal consequences of the separation of the Chagos
Archipelago from Mauritius in 1965 - <a href="http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/169/169-20170724-PRE-01-00-EN.pdf">Press Release - Request for Advisory Opinion.</a> This is a matter which has been the subject of extensive litigation in the UK - see, for example, <a href="http://www.bailii.org/cgi-bin/format.cgi?doc=/uk/cases/UKSC/2016/35.html&query=(Bancoult)">R (Bancoult No.2) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs</a> [2016] UKSC 35.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Greenwood">Judge Greenwood</a>ObiterJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04544226917595022902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20953316.post-531296402996299732017-02-20T20:01:00.003+00:002020-12-07T09:39:41.833+00:00Internment in World War 2 and later<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinKfZrmZI1HgILNgMoyN3P1gHhp_v-eos1SemOxBHthR8qgpJJZiS3chYbyeUDVE3AVRHOSFK70hwIpnusaaRcR9g6SMWpZ7Y37bUdSmXOCo97qR95W_XhwxOajpho_ObEXsOvPA/s1600/Korematsu.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinKfZrmZI1HgILNgMoyN3P1gHhp_v-eos1SemOxBHthR8qgpJJZiS3chYbyeUDVE3AVRHOSFK70hwIpnusaaRcR9g6SMWpZ7Y37bUdSmXOCo97qR95W_XhwxOajpho_ObEXsOvPA/s200/Korematsu.jpg" width="158" /></a></div>
Over the years, democratic nations have introduced powers to detain those whose presence is considered to be inimical to public safety. The use of such powers has, at times, been without adequate legal safeguards. Considerable injustice and tragedy has arisen particularly when the powers have been directed at a whole section of the population such as those of Japanese descent living in the USA in the 1940s.<br />
<br />
7th December 1941 was a "Date which will Live in infamy." Those were the words of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in his famous <a href="http://history1900s.about.com/od/franklindroosevelt/a/Day-Of-Infamy-Speech.htm">speech to Congress</a> following the attack by Japanese forces on the United States naval base at Pearl Harbour, Hawaii. One consequence of this was that President Roosevelt issued <a href="http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5154/">Executive Order 9066</a> - dated 19th February 1942. The Order authorised the Secretary for War to prescribe "Military Areas" in such places and of such extent as he or
the appropriate Military Commander may determine, from which any or all
persons may be excluded, and with respect to which, the right of any
person to enter, remain in, or leave shall be subject to whatever
restrictions the Secretary of War or the appropriate Military Commander
may impose in his discretion." This exercise of Presidential power was justified in the Executive Order on the basis that "the successful prosecution of the war requires every possible protection
against espionage and against sabotage to national-defense material,
national-defense premises, and national-defense utilities." A further <a href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16239">Executive Order was issued in 1942</a> creating a "War Relocation Authority.<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
A consequence of the Orders was that individuals with Japanese ancestry found themselves forced from their homes and being relocated to <a href="http://www.historyonthenet.com/world-war-two-japanese-internment-camps-in-the-usa/">internment camps</a>. Many of them were born in the USA and were US citizens. The last camp closed in 1946.<br />
<br />
This was to lead to cases heard by the Supreme Court of the United States such as Yasui, Hirabayashi and <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/323/214">Korematsu v United States</a> 323 US 214 (1944). Korematsu was a 6 to 3 decision with the majority being Chief Justice Stone and Associate Justices Black, Reed, Douglas, Rutledge and Frankfurter. The majority decision was given by Justice Black with a concurring opinion by Justice Frankfurter. The dissenting justices were Roberts, Murphy and Jackson.<br />
<br />
Mr Korematsu had his conviction for evading internment overturned in 1984 because it emerged that <span class="apple-style-span">the United States Government had supplied false information in the original court case. However, the 1944 decision - that the Government’s use of racial discrimination by forcing Korematsu into a Japanese internment camp was Constitutional was not overturned. </span><br />
<br />
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: red;"><i><b>United Kingdom: </b></i></span></span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span"><br /></span>
<span class="apple-style-span">Within the United Kingdom, <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/timeline/factfiles/nonflash/a6651858.shtml">internment of "enemy aliens"</a> was conducted under Royal Prerogative power. Many were <a href="http://www.iomguide.com/internment-camps/knockaloe.php">detained on the Isle of Man</a>. (The island is part of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Islands">British Islands</a>). Some 7000 detainees were deported, the majority to Canada, some to Australia. The liner <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Arandora_Star"><i>Arandora Star</i></a> left for Canada on 1 July 1940 carrying German and Italian internees.
It was torpedoed and sunk with the loss of 714 lives, most of them
internees. </span><br />
<br />
<span class="apple-style-span">Detention did not stop with enemy aliens. Parliament enacted the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Powers_(Defence)_Act_1939">Emergency Powers (Defence) Act 1939</a> which enabled His Majesty by Order in Council to "m</span>ake such Regulations (in this Act
referred to as "Defence Regulations") as appear to him to be necessary
or expedient for securing the public safety, the defence of the realm,
the maintenance of public order and the efficient prosecution of any war
His Majesty may be engaged, and for maintaining supplies and services
essential to the life of the community." The most notable regulations were the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Regulation_18B">Defence (General) Regulations 1939</a><br />
containing the well-known Regulation 18B:<br />
<br />
"If the Secretary of State has reasonable cause to believe any person to
be of hostile origin or associations or to have been recently concerned
in acts prejudicial to the public safety or the defence of the realm or
in the preparation or instigation of such acts and that by reason
thereof it is necessary to exercise control over him, he may make an
order against that person directing that he be detained."<br />
<br />
One important case arising from 18B was <a href="http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/1941/1.html">Liversidge v Anderson</a> [1942] AC 206. Mr Liversidge (aka Perlzweig) lost his case but the speeches in the House of Lord (Appellate Committee) contain what is perhaps the most famous dissenting judgment in the common law world - that of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Atkin,_Baron_Atkin">Lord Atkin</a>.<br />
<br />
First let us note what the case was about. In the words of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Maugham,_1st_Viscount_Maugham">Viscount Maugham</a>:<br />
<br />
" ... by this appeal the appellant, so far as form is concerned, is
seeking
merely to have certain particulars from the defendants, the present
Secretary of
State for Home Affairs and his predecessor in that office, of their
defence in
an action of false imprisonment. The learned master, the judge in
chambers
(Tucker J.), and the Court of Appeal (MacKinnon, Luxmoore, and du Parcq
L.JJ.)
have all held that the appellant is not entitled to any of the
particulars he claims. In such a
case this House would not, generally speaking, entertain an appeal, but
the
circumstances are exceptional. The real object of the application is to
raise at
this early stage the vital question as to what onus, if any, lies on the
respondents as defendants in the action in the circumstances of the
case. The
appellant is a person who was detained by an order made by Sir John
Anderson as
Home Secretary on May 26, 1940, under reg. 18B of the Defence (General)
Regulations, 1939. The detention has been continued by the present Home
Secretary. The validity of that detention has been raised in the action
in which
the appellant claims damages for false imprisonment, and consequential
relief.
Such an action used to be described as an action for trespass vi et
armis. The
general rule of law in these cases is well stated by Abbot C.J.,
delivering the
judgment of the court in Doswell v. Impey (1823) 1 B & C 163, 169 .
If, he says, persons having a limited authority “do any act
<span class="i">beyond</span> the limit of their authority, they thereby subject
themselves to an action of trespass: but if the act done be <span class="i">within</span> the limit of their authority, although it may be done
through an erroneous or mistaken judgment, they are not thereby liable to such
action.” The respondents rely on the order for the detention of the appellant
above referred to. If it is valid, the action must clearly fail. The appellant,
accordingly, seeks to throw on the respondents the burden of justifying the
order. It will be convenient shortly to state the pleadings to show how, as a
matter of pleading, the question of particulars arises."<br />
<br />
The Secretary of State therefore had to have reasonable cause to believe one or more of the matters stated in the Regulation. The word "reasonable" normally imported a requirement of objectivity. Although Parliament had made the power subject to a reasonable belief, the House of Lords majority accepted the Home Secretary's statement that he held such a
belief; in other words, that he believed he had reasonable cause. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Maugham,_1st_Viscount_Maugham" title="Frederic Maugham, 1st Viscount Maugham">Viscount Maugham</a> said that the court should "prefer a construction which will carry into effect the plain intention of those responsible" and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Macmillan,_Baron_Macmillan" title="Hugh Macmillan, Baron Macmillan">Lord Macmillan</a>
that "it is right so to interpret emergency legislation as to promote
rather than to defeat its efficacy". According to him, if the Secretary
had acted in good faith, he need not disclose the basis for his
decision, nor were his actions justiciable in a court of law.<sup> </sup>The majority of the Lords appear to have been greatly concerned with
the fact that they were dealing with a matter of national security. In
their view, it was not appropriate for a court to deal with matters of
national security, especially as they were not privy to classified
information that only the executive had.<br />
<br />
In his dissenting speech, Lord Atkin stated: <br />
<br />
"I view with apprehension the
attitude of judges who on a mere question of construction when face to face with
claims involving the liberty of the subject show themselves more executive
minded than the executive. Their function is to give words their natural
meaning, not, perhaps, in war time leaning towards liberty, but following the
dictum of Pollock C.B. in Bowditch v. Balchin (1850) 5 Ex 378 , cited with approval by my noble and learned friend Lord Wright
in Barnard v. Gorman [1941] AC 378, 393 : “In a case in which the liberty of the subject is concerned, we
cannot go beyond the natural construction of the statute.” In this country, amid
the clash of arms, the laws are not silent. They may be changed, but they speak
the same language in war as in peace. It has always been one of the pillars of
freedom, one of the principles of liberty for which on recent authority we are
now fighting, that the judges are no respecters of persons and stand between the
subject and any attempted encroachments on his liberty by the executive, alert
to see that any coercive action is justified in law. In this case I have
listened to arguments which might have been addressed acceptably to the Court of
King's Bench in the time of Charles I.<br />
<br />
<div class="jdg">
I protest, even if I do it alone,
against a strained construction put on words with the effect of giving an
uncontrolled power of imprisonment to the minister. To recapitulate: The words
have only one meaning. They are used with that meaning in statements of the
common law and in statutes. They have never been used in the sense now imputed
to them. They are used in the Defence Regulations in the natural meaning, and,
when it is intended to express the meaning now imputed to them, different and
apt words are used in the regulations generally and in this regulation in particular. Even if
it were relevant, which it is not, there is no absurdity or no such degree of
public mischief as would lead to a non-natural construction.<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="jdg">
</div>
<div class="jdg">
I know of only one authority
which might justify the suggested method of construction: “‘When I use a word,’
Humpty Dumpty said in rather a scornful tone, ‘it means just what I choose it to
mean, neither more nor less.’ ‘The question is,’ said Alice, ‘whether you can
make words mean so many different things.’ ‘The question is,’ said Humpty
Dumpty, ‘which is to be master — that's all.’” (“Through the Looking Glass,” c.
vi.) After all this long discussion the question is whether the words “If a man
has” can mean “If a man thinks he has.” I am of opinion that they cannot, and
that the case should be decided accordingly."<br />
<br />
The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Greene">case of Ben Greene</a> is also of interest. It raised the same question of law as the case of Liversidge v Anderson.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;"><i><b>The UK of the 1970s:</b></i></span><br />
<br />
In Northern Ireland, internment was introduced on 9th August 1971 under the <a href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/hmso/spa1922.htm">Civil Authorities (Special Powers) Act</a>. 342 people were arrested on that date. 17 people were killed in the first 48 hours. By the time internment ended on 5th December 1975, a total of 1981 people had been detained. See <a href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/intern/chron.htm">this timeline </a>of these events.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;"><i><b>America in the 2000s:</b></i></span><br />
<br />
The long and complicated story of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp">Guantanamo Bay, Cuba</a> is yet another chapter in the history of detention on alleged public safety grounds. Guantanamo came into use in 2002 as a place to detain alleged "enemy combatants" and to try to place them beyond US legal jurisdiction. Although the legal position has changed due to decisions by the Supreme Court of the USA (<a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/05-184.ZS.html">Hamdan v Rumsfeld</a> 2006 and <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/06-1195.ZS.html">Boumedienne v Bush</a> 2008) the camp remains open albeit with the number of detainees reduced to around 40.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;"><i><b>Good intentions:</b></i></span> <br />
<br />
The saying goes that the road to hell is paved with good intentions. Never was this more true than in many of the situations arising from internment. Much injustice and tragedy arose out of the desire for public safety. Some recognition of that was the posthumous presentation of the Presidential Medal of Freedom to Mr Hirabayashi in 2012 and to Mr Yasui in 2015. Mr Korematsu received the medal from President Clinton in 1998. In the United Kingdom, the fate of internees has received only minimal attention.</div><div class="jdg"></div><div class="jdg"><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Korematsu">Mr Korematsu died in 2005</a></div><div class="jdg"> </div><div class="jdg">Technically, the Korematsu decision has not been overruled (or overturned) but, in <a href="https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/trump-v-hawaii-3/">Trump v Hawaii</a>, the decision was heavily criticised - see <a href="https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/did-the-supreme-court-just-overrule-the-korematsu-decision">Constitution Daily 26 June 2018</a></div><div class="jdg"> <br /></div><div class="jdg"><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLx-cWfjOoivdwkYp7NYqNkcKj705uKyU9pQUt4lGwoF-Js1MPMCO6K-pSDPFUqy0wZ6EHvYlIKxViNgM38vioneH4zWAvxexxH0syLWzsfHLKBtAmDBJY_FPYBYIOofDyfnxZ2A/s1600/Japs+keep+moving.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLx-cWfjOoivdwkYp7NYqNkcKj705uKyU9pQUt4lGwoF-Js1MPMCO6K-pSDPFUqy0wZ6EHvYlIKxViNgM38vioneH4zWAvxexxH0syLWzsfHLKBtAmDBJY_FPYBYIOofDyfnxZ2A/s1600/Japs+keep+moving.jpg" /></a></div>
</div>
ObiterJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04544226917595022902noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20953316.post-35006942794504684642016-08-05T17:48:00.000+01:002016-08-08T09:35:10.737+01:00ICTY - Radovan Karadžić and Slobodan Milošević<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj72fSm6oSRbDVgjM2A0MDpYkejQJ_3GUiK74czWUH9Z9QVQMnlpbLLry_JQlXQ3TCXFKnppzJslgoERCMDFSDQ6ZwUe0kKBKA1VBddaT7WsEZ5akDHEBKCic2r_SH-jFB_GteOaw/s1600/Milosevic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj72fSm6oSRbDVgjM2A0MDpYkejQJ_3GUiK74czWUH9Z9QVQMnlpbLLry_JQlXQ3TCXFKnppzJslgoERCMDFSDQ6ZwUe0kKBKA1VBddaT7WsEZ5akDHEBKCic2r_SH-jFB_GteOaw/s200/Milosevic.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
In March 2016, the <a href="http://www.icty.org/en">International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia</a> (ICTY) gave judgment in the case of Radovan Karadžić, former President of
Republika Srpska (RS) - see the <a href="http://www.icty.org/x/cases/karadzic/tjug/en/160324_judgement.pdf">Tribunal's judgment</a> [pdf 2615 pages], <a href="http://www.unmict.org/sites/default/files/cases/public-information/cis-karadzic-en.pdf">this Information Sheet</a> and the <a href="http://watchingthelaw.blogspot.co.uk/2016/03/international-criminal-tribunal-for.html">earlier post of 24th March</a>. <br />
<br />
<br />
The <a href="http://www.icty.org/en/press/tribunal-convicts-radovan-karadzic-for-crimes-in-bosnia-and-herzegovina">Tribunal's Press Release of 24th March</a> states: "Trial Chamber III of the International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia (ICTY) today convicted Radovan Karadžić, former
President of Republika Srpska (RS) and Supreme Commander of its armed
forces, of genocide, crimes against humanity and violations of the laws
or customs of war committed by Serb forces during the armed conflict in
Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), from 1992 until 1995. He was sentenced to
40 years’ imprisonment.<br />
<br />
Karadžić was convicted of genocide in the area of Srebrenica in 1995,
of persecution, extermination, murder, deportation, inhumane acts
(forcible transfer), terror, unlawful attacks on civilians and
hostage-taking. He was acquitted of the charge of genocide in other
municipalities in BiH in 1992."<br />
<br />
Karadžić has lodged an appeal -<a href="http://www.unmict.org/sites/default/files/cases/public-information/cis-karadzic-en.pdf"> see here</a><br />
<br />
The judgment in Karadžić is analysed in <a href="http://www.counterpunch.org/2016/08/01/the-exoneration-of-milosevic-the-ictys-surprise-ruling/">this article</a> by Andy Wilcoxson and it highlights aspects of the Tribunal's judgment concerning <b>Slobodan Milošević.</b><br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<br />
Slobodan Milošević was a Yugoslav and Serbian politician who was
the President of Serbia from 1989 to 1997 and President of the Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia from 1997 to 2000. He was indicted by the ICTY but died in March 2006 bringing the proceedings against him to an end. The <a href="http://www.icty.org/x/cases/slobodan_milosevic/cis/en/cis_milosevic_slobodan_en.pdf">ICTY website has details of his case</a>.<br />
<br />
The Karadžić judgment contains various observations about Milošević. As Wilcoxson notes:<br />
<br />
The ICTY has determined that the late Serbian president Slobodan Milošević<b> </b>was not responsible for war crimes committed during the
1992-95 Bosnian war.<br />
<br />
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The Tribunal’s determination that Slobodan Milošević was not part of a
joint criminal enterprise, and that on the contrary he “condemned ethnic
cleansing”<a href="http://www.slobodan-milosevic.org/news/smorg-aw071816.htm#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16"></a>is
of tremendous significance because he got blamed for all of the
bloodshed in Bosnia, and harsh economic sanctions were imposed on Serbia
as a result.<br />
<br />
See also, <a href="http://www.globalresearch.ca/icty-exonerates-slobodan-milosevic-for-war-crimes/5539237">Global Research 3rd August 2016</a>.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;"><i><b>International Court of Justice - 2007: </b></i></span><br />
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In 2007, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) handed down its judgment in Bosnia and Herzegovina v Serbia and Montenegro. - the "Bosnian Genocide" case - <a href="http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICJ/2007/2.html">judgment</a> and <a href="http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/91/13685.pdf">also here</a>. A <a href="http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?sum=667&code=bhy&p1=3&p2=3&case=91&k=f4&p3=5&lang=en">summary of the judgment</a> is available. It was held (13 votes to 2) that Serbia had not committed genocide and had not conspired to do so. Also held that Serbia had not been complicit in genocide (11 votes to 4). However, by 12 votes to 3, the court held that Serbia had violated the obligation to prevent genocide at Srebrenica in July 1995. Further, by 14 votes to 1, Serbia had violated its obligations <span lang="en">under the Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide by having failed to transfer
Ratko Mladić, indicted for genocide and complicity in genocide, for
trial by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia,
and thus having failed fully to co-operate with that Tribunal. (There were some other findings).</span></div>
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<span lang="en">The ICJ decision is discussed in some detail by T D. Gill (Associate Professor of Public International Law, Utrecht University) at <a href="http://www.haguejusticeportal.net/index.php?id=7266">Hague Justice Portal</a>.</span></div>
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<span lang="en">It is plain that, in the light of the </span>Karadžić judgment as well as the Bosnian Genocide case, some reappraisal of the career of Milošević will be necessary.</div>
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ObiterJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04544226917595022902noreply@blogger.com0